Diseases and Medical Conditions: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
1	Malaria	Plasmodium spp.	Female Anopheles	Mosquito bite	Fever, chills, sweating	Nets, repellents, vector control	Antimalarial drugs
2	Dengue	Dengue virus	Aedes	Mosquito bite	Fever, headache, muscle/joint pain	Remove standing water, repellents	Supportive care; severe cases need hospital care
3	Chikungunya	Chikungunya virus	Aedes	Mosquito bite	Fever, severe joint pain	Mosquito control	Supportive care
4	Zika	Zika virus	Aedes	Mosquito bite; also sexual transmission	Fever, rash, joint pain	Mosquito/sexual precautions	Supportive care
5	Yellow fever	Yellow fever virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, jaundice, headache	Vaccination, mosquito control	Supportive/hospital care
6	Japanese encephalitis	JE virus	Culex	Mosquito bite	Fever, confusion, seizures	Vaccination, mosquito control	Supportive hospital care
7	West Nile disease	West Nile virus	Culex	Mosquito bite	Fever; sometimes encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive care
8	Lymphatic filariasis	Filarial worms	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Limb/genital swelling	Mosquito control, mass drug programs	Antifilarial medicines; supportive care
9	Rift Valley fever	RVF virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite; infected animals	Fever, weakness	Mosquito/vector control	Supportive care
10	Rabies	Rabies virus	—	Bite/saliva of infected animal	Fever, neurological symptoms	Vaccination, avoid animal bites	Immediate post-exposure treatment; once symptoms appear, usually fatal
11	Tuberculosis	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	—	Airborne	Cough, fever, weight loss	Vaccination where recommended, ventilation	Combination antibiotics
12	Cholera	Vibrio cholerae	—	Contaminated food/water	Profuse watery diarrhea	Safe water, sanitation	Rehydration; antibiotics in selected cases
13	Typhoid fever	Salmonella Typhi	—	Contaminated food/water	Prolonged fever, abdominal symptoms	Safe food/water, vaccination	Antibiotics guided by resistance
14	Paratyphoid fever	Salmonella Paratyphi	—	Food/water	Fever, abdominal symptoms	Food/water hygiene	Antibiotics
15	Diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	—	Respiratory droplets/contact	Sore throat, membrane, breathing difficulty	Vaccination	Antitoxin + antibiotics
16	Tetanus	Clostridium tetani	—	Spores entering wounds	Muscle stiffness, spasms	Vaccination, wound care	Antitoxin + antibiotics/supportive care
17	Pertussis	Bordetella pertussis	—	Respiratory droplets	Severe coughing fits	Vaccination	Antibiotics + supportive care
18	Pneumococcal disease	Streptococcus pneumoniae	—	Respiratory droplets	Pneumonia, meningitis, ear infection	Vaccination	Antibiotics
19	Meningococcal disease	Neisseria meningitidis	—	Respiratory secretions	Fever, meningitis, rash	Vaccination	Urgent antibiotics
20	Leprosy	Mycobacterium leprae	—	Prolonged close contact; respiratory route likely	Skin lesions, numbness, nerve damage	Early diagnosis and treatment	Multidrug therapy
21	Gonorrhea	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	—	Sexual contact	Discharge, painful urination; may be asymptomatic	Condoms, testing	Antibiotics
22	Syphilis	Treponema pallidum	—	Sexual/vertical transmission	Sores, rash; later organ damage	Safer sex, testing	Penicillin-based treatment
23	Chlamydia	Chlamydia trachomatis	—	Sexual contact	Often asymptomatic; discharge/pelvic pain	Condoms, testing	Antibiotics
24	Lyme disease	Borrelia spp.	Ticks	Tick bite	Rash, fever, joint/nerve problems	Tick avoidance	Antibiotics
25	Plague	Yersinia pestis	Fleas	Flea bites; infected animals	Fever, swollen lymph nodes	Rodent/flea control	Urgent antibiotics
26	Scrub typhus	Orientia tsutsugamushi	Chiggers/mites	Mite bite	Fever, headache, rash	Avoid mite exposure	Antibiotics
27	Typhus	Rickettsia spp.	Lice/fleas/mites depending on type	Arthropod bites	Fever, headache, rash	Hygiene/vector control	Antibiotics
28	Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Rickettsia rickettsii	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, headache, rash	Tick avoidance	Doxycycline
29	Brucellosis	Brucella spp.	—	Unpasteurized dairy/animal contact	Fever, sweating, joint pain	Pasteurization, animal precautions	Combination antibiotics
30	Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis	—	Animal products/spores	Skin lesion or severe systemic disease	Occupational precautions, vaccination for selected groups	Antibiotics
31	Botulism	Clostridium botulinum toxin	—	Contaminated food; wounds; infants	Paralysis, difficulty breathing	Safe food preservation	Antitoxin + intensive care
32	Salmonellosis	Salmonella spp.	—	Contaminated food/water	Diarrhea, fever, cramps	Food safety	Fluids; antibiotics for selected severe cases
33	Shigellosis	Shigella spp.	—	Fecal-oral	Bloody diarrhea, fever	Handwashing, sanitation	Fluids; antibiotics in selected cases
34	Campylobacteriosis	Campylobacter spp.	—	Undercooked food/contamination	Diarrhea, fever, cramps	Food hygiene	Fluids; antibiotics in selected cases
35	Listeriosis	Listeria monocytogenes	—	Contaminated food	Fever; severe disease in pregnancy/newborns	Food safety	Antibiotics
36	Hepatitis A	HAV	—	Food/water; close contact	Fever, nausea, jaundice	Vaccine, sanitation	Supportive care
37	Hepatitis B	HBV	—	Blood, sexual, mother-to-child	Liver inflammation; chronic disease possible	Vaccination, safe blood/sex practices	Antiviral treatment for selected chronic cases
38	Hepatitis C	HCV	—	Blood exposure	Often silent; chronic liver disease	Safe injections/blood	Direct-acting antivirals can cure most infections
39	Hepatitis E	HEV	—	Mainly contaminated water/food	Hepatitis, jaundice	Safe water/food	Usually supportive care
40	HIV infection/AIDS	HIV	—	Sexual, blood, mother-to-child	Immune-system damage; opportunistic infections	Prevention, testing, PrEP/PEP where appropriate	Lifelong antiretroviral therapy
41	COVID-19	SARS-CoV-2	—	Respiratory particles	Fever, cough, sore throat; severe respiratory disease possible	Vaccination, ventilation, infection-control measures	Supportive care; antivirals for eligible high-risk patients
42	Influenza	Influenza viruses	—	Respiratory droplets/aerosols	Fever, cough, body aches	Annual vaccination, hygiene	Supportive care; antivirals for selected patients
43	Measles	Measles virus	—	Airborne	Fever, cough, rash	MMR vaccination	Supportive care; vitamin A in children where recommended
44	Mumps	Mumps virus	—	Respiratory droplets	Swollen salivary glands, fever	MMR vaccination	Supportive care
45	Rubella	Rubella virus	—	Respiratory droplets	Mild fever, rash	MMR vaccination	Supportive care
46	Chickenpox	Varicella-zoster virus	—	Airborne/contact	Itchy blistering rash, fever	Vaccination	Supportive care; antivirals for selected patients
47	Shingles	Varicella-zoster virus reactivation	—	Contact with blister fluid can transmit chickenpox	Painful localized rash	Shingles vaccine	Antivirals, pain management
48	Polio	Poliovirus	—	Fecal-oral	Fever; sometimes paralysis	Polio vaccination, sanitation	Supportive care
49	Hepatitis D	HDV	—	Blood/body fluids; requires HBV	Hepatitis	Hepatitis B vaccination	Specialist antiviral management
50	Respiratory syncytial virus disease	RSV	—	Respiratory secretions	Cold-like illness; bronchiolitis	Hygiene; vaccines/prevention for eligible groups	Supportive care
51	Ebola disease	Ebola virus	—	Body fluids/contact	Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding	Infection control	Specialized supportive care and approved therapies
52	Marburg virus disease	Marburg virus	—	Body fluids/contact	Fever, severe systemic illness	Infection control	Supportive care
53	Lassa fever	Lassa virus	Rodent reservoir	Rodent exposure/body fluids	Fever, weakness; severe disease possible	Rodent control, infection control	Supportive care; selected antiviral use
54	Mpox	Mpox virus	—	Skin-to-skin/contact, respiratory exposure	Rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes	Vaccination for eligible groups, contact precautions	Supportive care; specific treatment for selected severe cases
55	Dengue hemorrhagic/severe dengue	Dengue virus	Aedes	Mosquito bite	Bleeding, plasma leakage, shock	Mosquito control	Urgent supportive hospital care
56	Hand-foot-and-mouth disease	Enteroviruses	—	Respiratory/fecal-oral/contact	Mouth sores, hand/foot rash	Hand hygiene	Supportive care
57	Rotavirus gastroenteritis	Rotavirus	—	Fecal-oral	Severe diarrhea/vomiting in children	Vaccination, hygiene	Rehydration
58	Norovirus gastroenteritis	Norovirus	—	Food, water, person-to-person	Vomiting, diarrhea	Hygiene, food safety	Rehydration
59	Viral gastroenteritis	Various viruses	—	Fecal-oral/contact	Diarrhea, vomiting	Hygiene, safe food/water	Fluids/electrolytes
60	Infectious mononucleosis	Epstein-Barr virus	—	Saliva	Fever, sore throat, swollen nodes	Avoid sharing saliva	Supportive care
61	Amoebiasis	Entamoeba histolytica	—	Fecal-oral food/water	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Safe water/food	Antiprotozoal medicines
62	Giardiasis	Giardia duodenalis	—	Contaminated water/food	Diarrhea, bloating	Safe water	Antiprotozoal medicines
63	Cryptosporidiosis	Cryptosporidium	—	Contaminated water/food	Watery diarrhea	Safe water, hygiene	Rehydration; selected therapy
64	Toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma gondii	—	Undercooked meat, cat feces, congenital	Often mild; severe fetal/immune disease	Food/cat-litter precautions	Antiparasitic therapy for selected cases
65	Trichomoniasis	Trichomonas vaginalis	—	Sexual contact	Genital irritation/discharge	Condoms, testing	Metronidazole/tinidazole
66	Leishmaniasis	Leishmania spp.	Sandflies	Sandfly bite	Skin ulcers or systemic disease	Sandfly/vector control	Antileishmanial drugs
67	African trypanosomiasis	Trypanosoma brucei	Tsetse fly	Fly bite	Fever, sleep disturbance, neurological disease	Tsetse control	Stage-specific medicines
68	Chagas disease	Trypanosoma cruzi	Triatomine bug	Bug feces; also food/congenital/transfusion	Fever; later heart/digestive disease	Vector control, safe food/blood	Antiparasitic drugs
69	Schistosomiasis	Schistosoma spp.	Freshwater snails	Skin contact with contaminated freshwater	Abdominal/urinary symptoms	Safe water, sanitation	Praziquantel
70	Ascariasis	Ascaris lumbricoides	—	Ingesting eggs from contaminated soil/food	Abdominal symptoms; worms	Sanitation, hygiene	Anthelmintic drugs
71	Hookworm disease	Ancylostoma/Necator	—	Larvae penetrate skin from soil	Anemia, abdominal symptoms	Footwear, sanitation	Anthelmintic drugs + iron when needed
72	Enterobiasis	Enterobius vermicularis	—	Ingesting eggs	Night-time anal itching	Hygiene, washing bedding	Anthelmintic treatment
73	Taeniasis	Taenia spp.	—	Undercooked infected meat	Abdominal symptoms or none	Cook meat thoroughly	Anthelmintic drugs
74	Cysticercosis	Taenia solium larvae	—	Ingesting eggs	Seizures/neurological disease possible	Sanitation, food hygiene	Antiparasitic + symptom-specific treatment
75	Strongyloidiasis	Strongyloides stercoralis	—	Larvae penetrate skin	Rash, abdominal symptoms	Footwear/sanitation	Ivermectin
76	Trichuriasis	Trichuris trichiura	—	Ingesting eggs	Abdominal symptoms, anemia	Sanitation	Anthelmintic drugs
77	Ringworm	Dermatophyte fungi	—	Skin contact/fomites	Ring-shaped itchy rash	Hygiene, avoid sharing items	Antifungal medicines
78	Candidiasis	Candida spp.	—	Usually overgrowth of normal flora	Thrush, genital or invasive infection	Risk-factor control	Antifungal medicines
79	Aspergillosis	Aspergillus spp.	—	Inhalation of spores	Lung disease; invasive disease in high-risk people	Reduce exposure in high-risk settings	Antifungal medicines
80	Histoplasmosis	Histoplasma spp.	—	Inhalation of spores	Lung disease, sometimes disseminated	Avoid heavy exposure to contaminated soil/bird/bat droppings	Antifungal medicines
81	Cryptococcosis	Cryptococcus spp.	—	Inhalation of environmental yeast	Pneumonia, meningitis	Mainly risk reduction in immunocompromised people	Antifungal therapy
82	Scabies	Sarcoptes scabiei mite	—	Prolonged skin contact	Severe itching, burrows	Treat contacts, wash bedding/clothes	Permethrin/other scabicides
83	Trachoma	Chlamydia trachomatis	—	Contact/flies; poor sanitation	Eye inflammation, scarring	Facial cleanliness, sanitation	Antibiotics; surgery for advanced disease
84	Conjunctivitis	Viruses/bacteria	—	Contact/respiratory secretions	Red, watery/discharging eye	Hand hygiene	Depends on cause
85	Scarlet fever	Group A Streptococcus	—	Respiratory droplets/contact	Sore throat, characteristic rash	Hygiene, early diagnosis	Antibiotics
86	Strep throat	Group A Streptococcus	—	Respiratory droplets	Sore throat, fever	Hygiene	Antibiotics when confirmed
87	Rheumatic fever	Immune complication of Group A strep	—	Follows untreated strep infection	Fever, joint/heart inflammation	Prompt treatment of strep	Antibiotics + anti-inflammatory/supportive treatment
88	Acute bacterial meningitis	Several bacteria	—	Respiratory/contact depending on organism	Fever, headache, stiff neck	Vaccination where available	Emergency antibiotics
89	Pneumonia	Bacteria/viruses/fungi	—	Respiratory exposure or aspiration	Cough, fever, breathing difficulty	Vaccines, hygiene	Depends on cause
90	Otitis media	Usually bacterial/viral	—	Often follows respiratory infection	Ear pain, fever	Vaccination, smoke avoidance	Observation or antibiotics depending on case
91	Gastroenteritis	Viruses/bacteria/parasites	—	Food, water, contact	Diarrhea, vomiting	Food/water hygiene	Rehydration; cause-specific treatment
92	Pelvic inflammatory disease	Usually sexually transmitted bacteria	—	Ascending genital infection	Pelvic pain, discharge, fever	STI prevention/testing	Combination antibiotics
93	Genital herpes	HSV-1/HSV-2	—	Skin-to-skin/sexual contact	Painful blisters/ulcers	Condoms, avoid contact during outbreaks	Antiviral medicines
94	HPV infection	Human papillomavirus	—	Skin-to-skin/sexual contact	Often asymptomatic; warts; some cancers	HPV vaccination, screening	No treatment for virus itself; treat lesions/cancers
95	Cervical cancer	High-risk HPV infection	—	HPV acquired mainly through sexual contact	Often no early symptoms	HPV vaccine, cervical screening	Surgery/radiotherapy/chemotherapy depending on stage
96	Viral encephalitis	Several viruses	Sometimes mosquitoes/ticks	Vector bites or other routes	Fever, confusion, seizures	Vaccines/vector control where applicable	Supportive/ICU care; cause-specific therapy
97	Hantavirus disease	Hantaviruses	Rodents are reservoir	Inhalation/contact with rodent excreta	Fever; severe lung or kidney disease	Rodent control, safe cleaning	Supportive hospital care
98	Nipah virus infection	Nipah virus	—	Fruit bats/animals; person-to-person	Fever, encephalitis, breathing problems	Avoid exposure to infected animals/secretions	Intensive supportive care
99	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	CCHF virus	Ticks	Tick bite/contact with infected blood	Fever, bleeding, severe illness	Tick precautions, infection control	Intensive supportive care
100	Yellow fever	Yellow fever virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, jaundice, severe systemic disease	Vaccination + mosquito control	Supportive hospital care
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
101	O’nyong’nyong fever	O’nyong’nyong virus	Anopheles mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, rash, joint pain	Mosquito control	Supportive care
102	Oropouche fever	Oropouche virus	Culicoides midges; mosquitoes may contribute	Vector bite	Fever, headache, muscle/joint pain	Vector avoidance	Supportive care
103	Tick-borne encephalitis	TBE virus	Ticks	Tick bite; rarely unpasteurized dairy	Fever, headache, encephalitis	Tick avoidance, vaccination where recommended	Supportive care
104	Onchocerciasis	Onchocerca volvulus	Blackflies	Blackfly bite	Itching, skin changes, eye disease	Vector control, mass treatment	Ivermectin
105	Dracunculiasis	Dracunculus medinensis	—	Drinking water containing infected copepods	Painful emerging worm	Safe drinking water	Slow extraction of worm, wound care
106	Echinococcosis	Echinococcus spp.	—	Ingesting parasite eggs	Cysts in organs	Dog/food hygiene	Surgery and/or antiparasitic drugs
107	Foodborne trematodiasis	Liver/lung flukes	Snails involved in life cycle	Raw/undercooked aquatic food	Abdominal/liver/lung disease	Cook food thoroughly	Praziquantel or other specific drugs
108	Yaws	Treponema pallidum pertenue	—	Skin-to-skin contact	Skin lesions, bone disease	Hygiene, early treatment	Azithromycin or penicillin
109	Buruli ulcer	Mycobacterium ulcerans	Not established	Environmental exposure suspected	Large painless skin ulcers	Wound/environmental precautions	Antibiotics; wound/surgical care
110	Mycetoma	Various fungi/bacteria	—	Organisms enter skin through injury	Swelling, nodules, draining sinuses	Protective footwear	Long-term antimicrobial treatment; surgery sometimes
111	Chromoblastomycosis	Dematiaceous fungi	—	Traumatic implantation into skin	Chronic wart-like skin lesions	Protective footwear	Long-term antifungals ± surgery
112	Noma	Polymicrobial infection associated with severe malnutrition	—	Not established as simple person-to-person disease	Rapid facial tissue destruction	Nutrition, oral hygiene, early infection care	Antibiotics, nutrition, surgery
113	Podoconiosis	Mineral particles + susceptibility	—	Environmental exposure through bare feet	Chronic leg swelling	Footwear, hygiene	Foot care, compression, surgery in selected cases
114	Tungiasis	Tunga penetrans flea	Flea	Flea penetrates skin	Painful itchy skin lesions	Shoes, environmental control	Removal + wound care
115	Snakebite envenoming	Snake venom	Snake	Snakebite	Pain, swelling, bleeding/paralysis	Avoid snake exposure	Appropriate antivenom + emergency care
116	Rat-bite fever	Streptobacillus / Spirillum	—	Rat bite/scratch or contaminated food	Fever, rash, joint pain	Rodent control	Antibiotics
117	Q fever	Coxiella burnetii	—	Inhalation of contaminated animal material	Fever, headache; pneumonia/hepatitis possible	Animal/workplace precautions	Doxycycline
118	Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Ticks, deer flies	Vector bite, animals, inhalation	Fever, ulcers, swollen nodes	Tick protection	Antibiotics
119	Melioidosis	Burkholderia pseudomallei	—	Soil/water exposure	Fever, pneumonia, abscesses	Avoid contaminated soil/water when risk is high	Prolonged antibiotics
120	Glanders	Burkholderia mallei	—	Infected animals/body fluids	Fever, skin/lung disease	Animal-control precautions	Antibiotics
121	Legionnaires’ disease	Legionella spp.	—	Inhaled contaminated water aerosols	Pneumonia, fever	Water-system management	Antibiotics
122	Mycoplasma pneumonia	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	—	Respiratory droplets	Cough, fever, sore throat	Hygiene	Antibiotics when indicated
123	Psittacosis	Chlamydia psittaci	—	Inhalation from infected birds	Fever, pneumonia	Bird-handling precautions	Antibiotics
124	Q fever pneumonia	Coxiella burnetii	—	Inhalation from infected animals	Fever, pneumonia	Animal-product precautions	Doxycycline
125	Actinomycosis	Actinomyces spp.	—	Normal flora; tissue invasion after disruption	Abscesses, jaw/neck swelling	Oral hygiene	Long-term antibiotics
126	Nocardiosis	Nocardia spp.	—	Inhalation/soil wound contamination	Lung/brain/skin disease	Risk reduction in vulnerable people	Prolonged antibiotics
127	Erysipelas	Group A Streptococcus	—	Bacteria enter damaged skin	Red, painful swollen skin	Skin/wound care	Antibiotics
128	Cellulitis	Usually streptococci/staphylococci	—	Bacteria enter broken skin	Redness, warmth, swelling	Wound care	Antibiotics
129	Impetigo	S. aureus / Group A strep	—	Direct contact	Superficial sores/crusts	Hygiene	Topical/systemic antibiotics
130	Necrotizing fasciitis	Various bacteria	—	Infection through wound	Severe pain, swelling, tissue destruction	Wound care	Emergency surgery + antibiotics
131	Toxic shock syndrome	Bacterial toxins	—	Usually S. aureus or Group A strep	Fever, rash, low blood pressure	Wound/tampon/device safety	Emergency antibiotics + source control
132	Gas gangrene	Clostridium spp.	—	Wound contamination	Severe pain, swelling, gas in tissues	Prompt wound care	Emergency surgery + antibiotics
133	H. pylori infection	Helicobacter pylori	—	Likely oral/fecal-oral routes	Gastritis, ulcers	Hygiene/food safety	Combination eradication therapy
134	Bacillary dysentery	Shigella spp.	—	Fecal-oral	Bloody diarrhea, fever	Sanitation	Rehydration ± antibiotics
135	Yersiniosis	Yersinia enterocolitica	—	Contaminated food	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Food safety	Supportive; antibiotics in severe cases
136	Vibrio gastroenteritis	Non-cholera Vibrio spp.	—	Seafood/water	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Cook seafood	Supportive; antibiotics in selected cases
137	Hepatitis-associated liver infection	Hepatitis viruses	—	Depends on virus	Fatigue, nausea, jaundice	Vaccines/safe food and blood	Virus-specific/supportive
138	Adenovirus infection	Adenoviruses	—	Respiratory/fecal-oral/contact	Fever, sore throat, diarrhea	Hygiene	Supportive care
139	Parainfluenza infection	Human parainfluenza viruses	—	Respiratory secretions	Croup, cough, fever	Hygiene	Supportive care
140	Human metapneumovirus infection	hMPV	—	Respiratory secretions	Cough, fever, bronchiolitis	Hygiene	Supportive care
141	Parvovirus B19 infection	Parvovirus B19	—	Respiratory; blood; pregnancy transmission	Rash, joint pain, anemia	Hygiene	Supportive care; special care for severe anemia
142	Roseola	HHV-6/HHV-7	—	Saliva/contact	High fever followed by rash	Hygiene	Supportive care
143	Cytomegalovirus infection	CMV	—	Body fluids/congenital	Often mild; congenital disease possible	Hygiene, precautions in pregnancy	Usually supportive; antivirals for selected severe cases
144	Herpes simplex infection	HSV-1/HSV-2	—	Skin/mucosal contact	Blisters/ulcers	Avoid contact during lesions	Antiviral medicines
145	Molluscum contagiosum	Molluscum contagiosum virus	—	Skin contact/fomites	Small raised skin bumps	Avoid direct contact/sharing items	Often resolves; lesion treatment if needed
146	Warts	Human papillomaviruses	—	Direct skin contact	Skin growths	Avoid direct contact	Destruction/topical treatments
147	Hand, foot and mouth disease	Enteroviruses	—	Contact, respiratory/fecal-oral	Fever, mouth sores, rash	Hand hygiene	Supportive care
148	Viral croup	Parainfluenza and other viruses	—	Respiratory droplets	Barking cough, noisy breathing	Hygiene	Steroids; emergency airway care if severe
149	Viral bronchiolitis	RSV and other viruses	—	Respiratory secretions	Wheezing, breathing difficulty	Hygiene, immunization/prevention where available	Supportive care
150	Acute viral hepatitis	HAV/HBV/HCV/HDV/HEV	—	Depends on virus	Fatigue, nausea, jaundice	Vaccination and route-specific prevention	Virus-specific or supportive
151	Avian influenza	Influenza A viruses	—	Infected birds/animals; limited human transmission	Fever, respiratory symptoms	Avoid infected animals, food safety	Antivirals + supportive care
152	Swine influenza	Influenza A viruses	—	Respiratory exposure	Fever, cough, body aches	Vaccination where applicable, hygiene	Antivirals/supportive care
153	MERS	MERS-CoV	—	Camel exposure; person-to-person	Fever, pneumonia	Infection control, avoid exposure	Supportive hospital care
154	SARS	SARS-CoV	—	Respiratory/contact	Fever, cough, pneumonia	Infection control	Supportive care
155	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Hantaviruses	Rodents are reservoir	Inhalation of rodent excreta	Fever, rapidly worsening breathing	Rodent control	Intensive supportive care
156	Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome	SFTS virus	Ticks	Tick bite/contact	Fever, low platelets, GI symptoms	Tick avoidance	Supportive care
157	Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus	Ticks	Tick bite; animal exposure	Fever, bleeding	Tick precautions	Supportive care
158	Kyasanur Forest disease	KFD virus	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, headache, bleeding	Tick control/protection	Supportive care
159	Colorado tick fever	Colorado tick fever virus	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, headache, muscle pain	Tick avoidance	Supportive care
160	Powassan disease	Powassan virus	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, encephalitis	Tick avoidance	Supportive care
161	Jamestown Canyon virus disease	Jamestown Canyon virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, headache; encephalitis sometimes	Mosquito protection	Supportive care
162	La Crosse encephalitis	La Crosse virus	Aedes mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, seizures, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive care
163	Eastern equine encephalitis	EEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito protection	Supportive care
164	Western equine encephalitis	WEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive care
165	St. Louis encephalitis	SLE virus	Culex mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive care
166	Venezuelan equine encephalitis	VEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, neurological disease	Mosquito control	Supportive care
167	Mayaro fever	Mayaro virus	Haemagogus mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, severe joint pain	Mosquito protection	Supportive care
168	Ross River virus disease	Ross River virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, rash, joint pain	Mosquito control	Supportive care
169	Barmah Forest virus disease	Barmah Forest virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, rash, joint pain	Mosquito protection	Supportive care
170	Murray Valley encephalitis	MVE virus	Culex mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive care
171	Toscana virus infection	Toscana virus	Sandflies	Sandfly bite	Fever, headache, meningitis	Sandfly protection	Supportive care
172	Sandfly fever	Phleboviruses	Sandflies	Sandfly bite	Sudden fever, headache, muscle pain	Sandfly control	Supportive care
173	Rift Valley fever	RVF virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite/animal contact	Fever; severe eye/brain/bleeding disease possible	Mosquito/animal control	Supportive care
174	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	CCHF virus	Ticks	Tick/animal blood exposure	Fever, bleeding	Tick protection, infection control	Intensive supportive care
175	Relapsing fever	Borrelia spp.	Ticks or body lice	Vector bite	Recurrent fever, headache	Vector control	Antibiotics
176	Murine typhus	Rickettsia typhi	Fleas	Flea exposure	Fever, headache, rash	Flea/rodent control	Doxycycline
177	Scrub typhus	Orientia tsutsugamushi	Chiggers	Mite bite	Fever, rash, eschar	Avoid mite exposure	Doxycycline
178	Anaplasmosis	Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, headache, muscle aches	Tick prevention	Doxycycline
179	Ehrlichiosis	Ehrlichia spp.	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, headache, muscle aches	Tick prevention	Doxycycline
180	Babesiosis	Babesia spp.	Ticks	Tick bite; blood transfusion	Fever, anemia, fatigue	Tick prevention	Antiparasitic combination therapy
181	Anisakiasis	Anisakis larvae	—	Raw/undercooked marine fish	Abdominal pain, nausea	Properly cook/freeze fish	Endoscopic removal/supportive care
182	Angiostrongyliasis	Angiostrongylus spp.	Snails/slugs	Raw/undercooked intermediate hosts	Meningitis, headache	Food hygiene	Supportive; specialist antiparasitic treatment
183	Fascioliasis	Fasciola spp.	Freshwater snails	Raw aquatic plants/water	Liver/biliary disease	Safe food/water	Triclabendazole
184	Clonorchiasis	Clonorchis sinensis	Freshwater snails/fish	Raw freshwater fish	Biliary disease	Cook fish	Praziquantel
185	Opisthorchiasis	Opisthorchis spp.	Snails/fish	Raw freshwater fish	Biliary disease	Cook fish	Praziquantel
186	Paragonimiasis	Paragonimus spp.	Snails/crabs	Raw/undercooked crustaceans	Cough, chest pain	Cook crustaceans	Praziquantel
187	Dientamoebiasis	Dientamoeba fragilis	—	Fecal-oral suspected	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Hygiene	Treatment when clinically indicated
188	Blastocystis infection	Blastocystis spp.	—	Fecal-oral	Sometimes diarrhea/abdominal symptoms	Safe food/water	Treatment depends on clinical assessment
189	Balantidiasis	Balantidium coli	—	Fecal-oral	Diarrhea, colitis	Sanitation	Tetracycline/metronidazole alternatives
190	Babesiosis	Babesia spp.	Ticks	Tick/blood exposure	Fever, hemolytic anemia	Tick prevention	Antiparasitic therapy
191	Cryptosporidiosis	Cryptosporidium	—	Fecal-oral/water	Watery diarrhea	Safe water	Rehydration; nitazoxanide in selected patients
192	Microsporidiosis	Microsporidia	—	Environmental/food/water exposure	Diarrhea or organ disease	Hygiene/safe water	Organism- and immune-status-specific treatment
193	Acanthamoeba keratitis	Acanthamoeba	—	Contaminated water/contact lenses	Severe eye pain, redness, vision loss	Proper contact-lens hygiene	Prolonged topical antiamoebic therapy
194	Naegleria fowleri infection	Naegleria fowleri	—	Contaminated water entering nose	Rapid meningitis/encephalitis	Avoid forcing warm freshwater into nose	Emergency specialist treatment
195	Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis	Naegleria fowleri	—	Water entering nose	Severe headache, fever, neurological symptoms	Water precautions	Intensive specialist treatment
196	Pneumocystis pneumonia	Pneumocystis jirovecii	—	Opportunistic infection	Dry cough, fever, breathing difficulty	HIV care/prophylaxis in eligible people	TMP-SMX and supportive care
197	Talaromycosis	Talaromyces marneffei	—	Environmental exposure	Fever, skin/lung/systemic disease	Risk reduction in endemic areas	Antifungal therapy
198	Sporotrichosis	Sporothrix spp.	—	Skin inoculation; occasionally animal transmission	Nodules along lymph vessels	Gloves/protective clothing	Itraconazole or other antifungals
199	Mucormycosis	Mucorales fungi	—	Inhalation/inoculation	Sinus, lung, skin or systemic disease	Control underlying risks	Urgent antifungal therapy + surgery when needed
200	Pneumocystis infection	Pneumocystis jirovecii	—	Likely person-to-person/environmental	Pneumonia in immunocompromised people	Preventive therapy for eligible high-risk patients	TMP-SMX
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
201	Actinomycosis	Actinomyces bacteria	—	Normal flora becoming invasive	Abscesses, swelling	Oral hygiene	Long-term antibiotics
202	Acanthosis nigricans	Metabolic/hormonal factors	—	Noninfectious	Dark, thick skin	Healthy weight/metabolic control	Treat underlying cause
203	Addison disease	Adrenal insufficiency	—	Autoimmune/other causes	Weakness, low BP, pigmentation	Cause-specific	Hormone replacement
204	Adrenal insufficiency	Low cortisol	—	Autoimmune, adrenal/pituitary disease	Fatigue, low BP	Depends on cause	Corticosteroid replacement
205	Amyloidosis	Abnormal amyloid protein deposits	—	Usually acquired/genetic	Organ dysfunction	Depends on type	Treat underlying protein disorder
206	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Motor-neuron degeneration	—	Usually sporadic; some genetic	Progressive muscle weakness	No established prevention	Disease-modifying/supportive care
207	Alzheimer’s disease	Neurodegenerative processes	—	Multifactorial/genetic risk	Progressive memory/cognitive decline	Risk-factor management	Symptom/disease-modifying treatments for selected patients
208	Parkinson disease	Neurodegeneration	—	Multifactorial	Tremor, rigidity, slow movement	No proven prevention	Medicines, exercise, surgery in selected cases
209	Huntington disease	HTT gene mutation	—	Autosomal dominant inheritance	Movement, psychiatric and cognitive changes	Genetic counseling	Symptom management
210	Multiple sclerosis	Immune-mediated CNS demyelination	—	Autoimmune/multifactorial	Vision, weakness, sensory problems	No established prevention	Disease-modifying therapies
211	Epilepsy	Abnormal brain electrical activity	—	Genetic, structural, metabolic or unknown	Recurrent seizures	Treat causes/injury prevention	Antiseizure medicines; surgery in selected cases
212	Migraine	Neurological disorder	—	Genetic/environmental triggers	Headache, nausea, light sensitivity	Trigger management	Acute and preventive medicines
213	Meningitis	Bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites	—	Depends on organism	Fever, headache, stiff neck	Vaccination/hygiene	Cause-specific emergency treatment
214	Encephalitis	Viruses, autoimmune causes, others	Sometimes mosquitoes/ticks	Depends on cause	Fever, confusion, seizures	Vaccination/vector control	Cause-specific treatment
215	Guillain-Barré syndrome	Immune-mediated nerve damage	—	Often follows infection	Weakness, paralysis	No reliable prevention	IVIG/plasma exchange
216	Myasthenia gravis	Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder	—	Autoimmune	Muscle weakness, drooping eyelids	Trigger management	Immunotherapy and symptomatic treatment
217	Bell’s palsy	Facial nerve dysfunction	—	Often associated with viral reactivation	One-sided facial weakness	Not established	Corticosteroids ± antivirals
218	Trigeminal neuralgia	Trigeminal nerve disorder	—	Usually nerve compression	Severe facial pain	—	Medicines; procedures/surgery
219	Huntington-like neurodegeneration	Various genetic disorders	—	Genetic	Movement/cognitive symptoms	Genetic counseling	Supportive/symptomatic
220	Narcolepsy	Hypocretin dysfunction	—	Autoimmune/genetic factors	Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy	—	Wake-promoting medicines
221	Insomnia disorder	Multiple biological/psychological factors	—	Noninfectious	Difficulty sleeping	Sleep hygiene	CBT-I ± medication
222	Sleep apnea	Airway obstruction/central breathing disorder	—	Structural/metabolic/neurological	Snoring, pauses in breathing, daytime sleepiness	Weight management where relevant	CPAP/oral devices/surgery
223	Restless legs syndrome	Neurological/genetic factors	—	Multifactorial	Urge to move legs, discomfort	Correct iron deficiency	Iron treatment/medicines
224	Autism spectrum disorder	Neurodevelopmental/genetic factors	—	Developmental	Communication/social and behavioral differences	No proven prevention	Educational/behavioral support
225	ADHD	Neurodevelopmental/genetic factors	—	Developmental	Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity	—	Behavioral therapy/medication
226	Down syndrome	Trisomy 21	—	Chromosomal	Developmental/intellectual differences	Risk counseling	Supportive and medical management
227	Turner syndrome	Monosomy X	—	Chromosomal	Short stature, ovarian insufficiency	—	Growth hormone/hormone replacement
228	Klinefelter syndrome	XXY chromosome pattern	—	Chromosomal	Small testes, infertility, low testosterone	—	Testosterone/supportive care
229	Fragile X syndrome	FMR1 gene expansion	—	X-linked genetic	Developmental disability, behavioral features	Genetic counseling	Supportive treatment
230	Phenylketonuria	PAH gene deficiency	—	Autosomal recessive	Developmental damage if untreated	Newborn screening	Phenylalanine-restricted diet
231	Cystic fibrosis	CFTR mutations	—	Genetic	Lung infections, digestive problems	Genetic counseling/screening	CFTR modulators, airway/digestive treatment
232	Sickle cell disease	Hemoglobin S mutation	—	Genetic	Anemia, pain crises	Genetic counseling	Hydroxyurea, transfusion, transplantation in selected cases
233	Thalassemia	Globin gene mutations	—	Genetic	Severe anemia	Screening/genetic counseling	Transfusions, chelation, transplantation in selected cases
234	Hemophilia A	Factor VIII deficiency	—	X-linked genetic	Excessive bleeding	Genetic counseling	Factor replacement/non-factor therapies
235	Hemophilia B	Factor IX deficiency	—	X-linked genetic	Bleeding	Genetic counseling	Factor IX replacement
236	Von Willebrand disease	Von Willebrand factor disorder	—	Usually inherited	Easy bleeding	Avoid unnecessary bleeding risks	Desmopressin/factor therapy depending on type
237	Marfan syndrome	FBN1 mutation	—	Autosomal dominant	Tall stature, eye/aortic problems	Genetic counseling	Cardiovascular/eye monitoring and treatment
238	Ehlers-Danlos syndromes	Connective-tissue gene disorders	—	Genetic	Joint hypermobility, fragile tissues	Injury prevention/genetic counseling	Supportive care
239	Achondroplasia	FGFR3 mutation	—	Genetic	Short-limb dwarfism	Genetic counseling	Supportive/specialist treatment
240	Albinism	Melanin-production gene variants	—	Genetic	Low pigmentation, vision problems	Sun protection	Vision and skin protection
241	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	DMD mutation	—	X-linked genetic	Progressive muscle weakness	Genetic counseling	Steroids, mutation-specific therapies/support
242	Spinal muscular atrophy	SMN1 mutation	—	Autosomal recessive	Progressive muscle weakness	Genetic screening	Disease-modifying therapy
243	Rett syndrome	MECP2 mutation	—	Usually de novo X-linked	Developmental regression, hand movements	—	Supportive care
244	Neurofibromatosis type 1	NF1 mutation	—	Autosomal dominant	Café-au-lait spots, nerve tumors	Genetic counseling	Monitoring/surgery/targeted treatment
245	Tuberous sclerosis	TSC1/TSC2 mutations	—	Genetic	Tumors in multiple organs, seizures	Genetic counseling	Antiseizure/targeted therapies
246	Gaucher disease	Glucocerebrosidase deficiency	—	Genetic	Enlarged liver/spleen, anemia, bone disease	Genetic counseling	Enzyme replacement/substrate reduction
247	Wilson disease	Copper metabolism disorder	—	ATP7B mutation	Liver/neurological disease	Genetic testing	Copper chelation/zinc
248	Hemochromatosis	Excess iron absorption	—	Genetic or acquired	Liver disease, diabetes, fatigue	Screening in high-risk families	Phlebotomy/chelation
249	G6PD deficiency	G6PD gene variant	—	Genetic	Hemolytic anemia after triggers	Avoid triggering drugs/foods	Supportive care/transfusion if needed
250	Hereditary spherocytosis	RBC membrane defects	—	Genetic	Anemia, jaundice	Genetic counseling	Folic acid; splenectomy in selected cases
251	Osteogenesis imperfecta	Collagen gene defects	—	Genetic	Fragile bones	Injury prevention	Bisphosphonates/supportive orthopedic care
252	Osteoporosis	Low bone density	—	Aging, hormones, medications etc.	Fragility fractures	Calcium/vitamin D, exercise	Osteoporosis medicines
253	Osteoarthritis	Joint cartilage degeneration	—	Degenerative	Joint pain/stiffness	Weight management, injury prevention	Exercise, pain treatment, joint replacement
254	Rheumatoid arthritis	Autoimmune disease	—	Immune-mediated	Joint inflammation, pain	No proven prevention	DMARDs/biologics
255	Gout	Uric acid crystal deposition	—	Metabolic	Sudden painful swollen joint	Weight/diet/medication management	NSAIDs/colchicine; urate-lowering therapy
256	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Autoimmune disease	—	Immune-mediated	Rash, joint pain, organ inflammation	Sun protection/medical monitoring	Immunomodulating medicines
257	Sjögren syndrome	Autoimmune disease	—	Immune-mediated	Dry eyes, dry mouth	Dental/eye care	Lubricants/immunotherapy
258	Systemic sclerosis	Autoimmune connective-tissue disease	—	Immune-mediated	Skin tightening, vascular/organ disease	—	Organ-specific/immunosuppressive treatment
259	Vasculitis	Blood-vessel inflammation	—	Autoimmune/infectious/other	Fever, rash, organ dysfunction	Cause-specific	Immunosuppression/cause-specific treatment
260	Psoriasis	Immune-mediated skin disease	—	Multifactorial	Scaly skin plaques	Trigger management	Topical/systemic/biologic therapy
261	Atopic dermatitis	Immune/skin-barrier disorder	—	Multifactorial	Itchy eczema	Skin moisturization, trigger control	Topical/systemic therapy
262	Vitiligo	Autoimmune melanocyte destruction	—	Noninfectious	Depigmented patches	Sun protection	Topical therapy/phototherapy
263	Alopecia areata	Autoimmune hair loss	—	Immune-mediated	Patchy hair loss	—	Steroids/other immune treatments
264	Acne vulgaris	Follicular inflammation	—	Noninfectious	Pimples, blackheads	Skin care	Topical/oral medicines
265	Rosacea	Chronic inflammatory skin disorder	—	Multifactorial	Facial redness, bumps	Trigger avoidance	Topical/oral therapy
266	Hidradenitis suppurativa	Chronic follicular inflammation	—	Noninfectious	Painful nodules/abscesses	Weight/smoking management	Antibiotics/biologics/surgery
267	Seborrheic dermatitis	Inflammatory skin disorder	—	Associated with Malassezia	Scaly oily skin	Skin care	Antifungal/topical anti-inflammatory
268	Contact dermatitis	Irritant/allergic reaction	—	Skin exposure	Itching, rash	Avoid trigger	Topical corticosteroids/avoidance
269	Urticaria	Mast-cell mediated reaction	—	Allergic/nonallergic	Itchy raised wheals	Avoid triggers	Antihistamines
270	Anaphylaxis	Severe systemic allergic reaction	—	Allergen exposure	Breathing difficulty, low BP, swelling	Allergen avoidance	Immediate epinephrine + emergency care
271	Asthma	Chronic airway inflammation	—	Allergens/irritants/genetic factors	Wheezing, cough, breathlessness	Trigger control	Inhaled medications
272	COPD	Smoking/air pollution and other exposures	—	Noninfectious	Chronic cough, breathlessness	Stop smoking, clean air	Inhalers, rehabilitation, oxygen when indicated
273	Emphysema	Alveolar destruction	—	Smoking/other exposures	Breathlessness	Avoid smoking	Inhalers/supportive care
274	Chronic bronchitis	Chronic airway inflammation	—	Smoking/irritants	Productive cough	Avoid tobacco	Inhalers/supportive care
275	Pulmonary fibrosis	Lung scarring	—	Autoimmune/drug/environmental/unknown	Progressive breathlessness	Avoid known exposures	Antifibrotic therapy for selected forms
276	Sarcoidosis	Granulomatous inflammatory disease	—	Unknown/immune	Lung/skin/other organ disease	—	Observation, steroids/immunosuppression
277	Pulmonary hypertension	High pulmonary arterial pressure	—	Multiple causes	Breathlessness, fatigue	Treat underlying causes	Cause-specific medicines
278	Coronary artery disease	Atherosclerosis	—	Noninfectious	Chest pain, heart attack	Control BP/lipids, no smoking	Medicines/interventions
279	Myocardial infarction	Blocked coronary artery	—	Atherosclerotic plaque rupture	Chest pain, sweating, breathlessness	Cardiovascular risk reduction	Emergency reperfusion + medicines
280	Heart failure	Impaired heart pumping/filling	—	Many heart diseases	Breathlessness, swelling, fatigue	Control cardiovascular risks	Guideline-directed medicines/devices
281	Hypertension	Persistently high blood pressure	—	Multifactorial	Often asymptomatic	Healthy diet, exercise, monitoring	Antihypertensive medicines
282	Atrial fibrillation	Abnormal atrial rhythm	—	Age/heart disease/genetic factors	Irregular heartbeat, palpitations	Cardiovascular risk control	Rate/rhythm control, anticoagulation when indicated
283	Stroke	Blocked or ruptured brain blood vessel	—	Vascular disease	Sudden weakness/speech problems	Control BP, diabetes, cholesterol	Emergency reperfusion or bleeding management
284	Peripheral artery disease	Arterial atherosclerosis	—	Noninfectious	Leg pain when walking	No smoking, cardiovascular risk control	Medicines/exercise/revascularization
285	Aortic aneurysm	Aortic wall weakening	—	Genetic/atherosclerotic factors	Often asymptomatic; rupture causes severe pain	BP/smoking control	Monitoring or surgery
286	Rheumatic heart disease	Heart damage after rheumatic fever	—	Post-strep immune complication	Valve disease, breathlessness	Treat strep infections	Antibiotic prophylaxis + valve treatment
287	Cardiomyopathy	Heart muscle disease	—	Genetic, infectious, metabolic etc.	Heart failure/arrhythmia	Cause-specific	Medicines/devices/surgery
288	Endocarditis	Infection of heart lining/valves	—	Bloodstream infection	Fever, murmur, embolic symptoms	Dental/infection care; prophylaxis for selected people	Prolonged antibiotics ± surgery
289	Pericarditis	Pericardial inflammation	—	Viral, autoimmune, other	Sharp chest pain	Cause-specific	Anti-inflammatory therapy
290	Deep vein thrombosis	Blood clot in vein	—	Immobility, cancer, hormones etc.	Leg swelling/pain	Mobility, risk management	Anticoagulants
291	Pulmonary embolism	Blood clot blocking lung artery	—	Usually DVT migration	Sudden breathlessness/chest pain	DVT prevention	Anticoagulation/emergency therapy
292	Varicose veins	Abnormal venous valves	—	Venous disease	Enlarged twisted veins	Exercise/compression	Compression, procedures
293	Anemia	Many causes	—	Nutritional/genetic/chronic blood loss	Fatigue, pallor, weakness	Balanced diet/screening	Treat underlying cause
294	Iron-deficiency anemia	Iron deficiency	—	Poor intake/blood loss/malabsorption	Fatigue, pallor	Iron-rich diet	Iron replacement + cause treatment
295	Vitamin B12 deficiency	B12 deficiency	—	Diet/malabsorption	Anemia, neurological symptoms	Adequate B12	B12 replacement
296	Folate deficiency	Folate deficiency	—	Poor intake/malabsorption	Megaloblastic anemia	Adequate folate	Folate replacement
297	Obesity	Excess body fat	—	Energy imbalance + biology/environment	Increased metabolic risk	Diet, activity, healthy environment	Lifestyle + medicines/surgery when appropriate
298	Type 1 diabetes	Autoimmune beta-cell destruction	—	Autoimmune/genetic	Excess thirst/urination, weight loss	No established prevention	Lifelong insulin
299	Type 2 diabetes	Insulin resistance/beta-cell dysfunction	—	Genetic/metabolic/environmental	Thirst, urination; often silent	Healthy lifestyle/risk reduction	Lifestyle + glucose-lowering medicines
300	Gestational diabetes	Diabetes during pregnancy	—	Pregnancy-related metabolic changes	Often asymptomatic	Prenatal screening/risk management	Diet/activity + medicines when needed
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
301	Type 1 diabetes complications	Chronic hyperglycemia	—	Metabolic	Kidney/eye/nerve damage	Glucose/BP control	Diabetes management
302	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Severe insulin deficiency	—	Diabetes complication	Vomiting, dehydration, rapid breathing	Diabetes control	Emergency insulin/fluids/electrolytes
303	Hypothyroidism	Low thyroid hormone	—	Autoimmune/iodine/other	Fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain	Adequate iodine	Levothyroxine
304	Hyperthyroidism	Excess thyroid hormone	—	Graves disease/nodules	Weight loss, tremor, fast heartbeat	Cause-specific	Antithyroid drugs/radioiodine/surgery
305	Graves disease	Autoimmune thyroid stimulation	—	Autoimmune	Hyperthyroidism, eye symptoms	—	Antithyroid therapy/radioiodine/surgery
306	Hashimoto thyroiditis	Autoimmune thyroid destruction	—	Autoimmune	Hypothyroidism, enlarged thyroid	—	Thyroid hormone
307	Goiter	Enlarged thyroid	—	Iodine deficiency/thyroid disease	Neck swelling	Adequate iodine	Cause-specific
308	Cushing syndrome	Excess cortisol	—	Steroid drugs/tumors	Weight gain, weakness, skin changes	Safe steroid use	Treat cause
309	Primary hyperaldosteronism	Excess aldosterone	—	Adrenal disease	Hypertension, low potassium	—	Medicines/surgery
310	Polycystic ovary syndrome	Hormonal/metabolic disorder	—	Multifactorial	Irregular periods, acne, excess hair	Healthy lifestyle	Lifestyle/hormonal/metabolic treatment
311	Endometriosis	Endometrial-like tissue	—	Noninfectious	Pelvic pain, infertility	—	Pain/hormonal therapy; surgery
312	Uterine fibroids	Benign smooth-muscle tumors	—	Hormonal/genetic	Heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure	—	Medicines/procedures/surgery
313	Premenstrual syndrome	Hormonal cycle-related disorder	—	Menstrual cycle	Mood/physical symptoms	Exercise, symptom tracking	Lifestyle/medicines
314	Preeclampsia	Pregnancy-associated hypertension	—	Pregnancy complication	High BP, proteinuria/organ problems	Prenatal care	Monitoring, medicines, delivery when necessary
315	Ectopic pregnancy	Pregnancy outside uterus	—	Pregnancy complication	Pain, bleeding	STI prevention/tubal health	Medicines or surgery
316	Peptic ulcer disease	H. pylori/NSAIDs	—	Infection/medication	Abdominal pain, bleeding	Treat H. pylori; safe NSAID use	Acid suppression + eradication therapy
317	GERD	Acid reflux	—	Functional/anatomical	Heartburn, regurgitation	Weight management, trigger control	Acid suppression
318	Celiac disease	Immune reaction to gluten	—	Genetic/immune	Diarrhea, weight loss, anemia	Gluten avoidance after diagnosis	Strict gluten-free diet
319	Crohn disease	Immune-mediated intestinal disease	—	Multifactorial	Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss	—	Immunotherapy/biologics/surgery
320	Ulcerative colitis	Immune-mediated colon inflammation	—	Multifactorial	Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain	—	Anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive therapy
321	Irritable bowel syndrome	Gut-brain interaction disorder	—	Multifactorial	Abdominal pain, altered bowel habits	Diet/stress management	Dietary/medication management
322	Diverticular disease	Intestinal diverticula	—	Age/diet/genetic factors	Abdominal pain or bleeding	Fiber/healthy lifestyle	Dietary/medical/surgical treatment
323	Appendicitis	Inflamed appendix	—	Usually obstruction	Right-lower abdominal pain, fever	—	Appendectomy ± antibiotics
324	Pancreatitis	Pancreatic inflammation	—	Gallstones/alcohol/other	Severe upper abdominal pain	Limit alcohol, gallstone management	Hospital supportive care
325	Cirrhosis	Chronic liver damage	—	Alcohol, viral hepatitis, metabolic disease	Liver failure, swelling, jaundice	Vaccination/alcohol-risk reduction	Cause treatment; transplant in advanced cases
326	Fatty liver disease	Metabolic dysfunction	—	Metabolic	Often asymptomatic	Weight/metabolic management	Lifestyle; selected medicines
327	Alcohol-associated liver disease	Chronic alcohol exposure	—	Alcohol	Fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis	Reduce/avoid alcohol	Abstinence/supportive and liver care
328	Gallstones	Crystals in gallbladder	—	Metabolic/genetic factors	Biliary pain, nausea	Healthy weight	Observation, medicines or surgery
329	Cholecystitis	Inflamed gallbladder	—	Usually gallstone obstruction	Right-upper abdominal pain, fever	Gallstone management	Antibiotics + often surgery
330	Hepatic encephalopathy	Toxin accumulation from liver failure	—	Liver disease complication	Confusion, altered consciousness	Treat liver disease/triggers	Lactulose/rifaximin and cause treatment
331	Acute kidney injury	Sudden kidney dysfunction	—	Dehydration, drugs, illness	Low urine, swelling, abnormal labs	Avoid kidney toxins/dehydration	Treat cause/supportive care
332	Chronic kidney disease	Progressive kidney damage	—	Diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease	Often silent; fatigue/swelling later	Control diabetes/BP	Cause control, medicines, dialysis/transplant
333	Kidney stones	Mineral crystals	—	Metabolic/dehydration	Severe flank pain, blood in urine	Hydration/diet	Pain relief, stone removal/medicines
334	Glomerulonephritis	Kidney glomerular inflammation	—	Immune/infectious	Blood/protein in urine, swelling	Treat causes	Cause-specific therapy
335	Nephrotic syndrome	Glomerular protein leakage	—	Kidney disease	Heavy proteinuria, edema	Treat underlying disease	Cause-specific + edema/protein management
336	Urinary tract infection	Usually E. coli	—	Bacteria enter urinary tract	Burning urination, frequency	Hydration/hygiene	Antibiotics
337	Pyelonephritis	Kidney infection	—	Ascending urinary infection	Fever, flank pain	Prompt UTI treatment	Antibiotics
338	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Prostate enlargement	—	Age-related	Weak urine stream, frequency	—	Medicines/procedures
339	Prostatitis	Prostate inflammation/infection	—	Bacterial/nonbacterial	Pelvic pain, urinary symptoms	—	Antibiotics for bacterial forms
340	Erectile dysfunction	Vascular/neurological/hormonal causes	—	Noninfectious	Difficulty maintaining erection	Cardiovascular risk control	Lifestyle, PDE5 inhibitors and other treatments
341	Glaucoma	Optic nerve damage	—	Often high/abnormal eye pressure	Peripheral vision loss	Eye screening	Pressure-lowering drops/laser/surgery
342	Cataract	Lens clouding	—	Aging, diabetes, trauma	Blurred vision	UV protection/risk control	Cataract surgery
343	Macular degeneration	Retinal degeneration	—	Age/genetic factors	Central vision loss	Smoking cessation/eye care	Anti-VEGF or other treatment depending on type
344	Diabetic retinopathy	Diabetes-related retinal damage	—	Chronic hyperglycemia	Vision changes or none early	Glucose/BP control	Laser/anti-VEGF/surgery
345	Retinal detachment	Retina separates	—	Aging/trauma/eye disease	Flashes, floaters, curtain-like vision loss	Eye protection	Urgent surgery
346	Otosclerosis	Abnormal bone growth in middle ear	—	Genetic factors	Conductive hearing loss	—	Hearing aids/surgery
347	Ménière disease	Inner-ear fluid disorder	—	Multifactorial	Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus	Trigger management	Diet/medicines; procedures in severe cases
348	Tinnitus	Auditory system dysfunction	—	Noise/age/ear disease	Ringing or buzzing	Hearing protection	Cause-specific management
349	Hearing loss	Genetic/age/noise/infection causes	—	Multiple	Reduced hearing	Vaccination/noise protection	Hearing aids/cochlear implant depending on type
350	Otitis externa	Bacteria/fungi	—	Water/trauma	Ear canal pain/itching	Keep ears dry, avoid trauma	Ear drops
351	Sinusitis	Viral/bacterial/inflammatory	—	Respiratory infection	Facial pressure, nasal congestion	Hygiene	Supportive; antibiotics in selected bacterial cases
352	Allergic rhinitis	IgE-mediated allergy	—	Allergens	Sneezing, runny nose	Allergen avoidance	Antihistamines/nasal steroids
353	Nasal polyps	Chronic inflammatory disease	—	Noninfectious	Nasal blockage, reduced smell	Control inflammation	Steroid sprays/surgery
354	Tonsillitis	Viral/bacterial infection	—	Respiratory/contact	Sore throat, fever	Hygiene	Supportive; antibiotics for bacterial causes
355	Oral candidiasis	Candida	—	Overgrowth	White mouth patches	Oral hygiene	Antifungal
356	Periodontitis	Oral bacteria	—	Plaque-associated	Gum bleeding, tooth loss	Brushing/dental care	Professional cleaning + treatment
357	Dental caries	Acid-producing oral bacteria	—	Oral bacteria + sugars	Tooth pain/cavities	Fluoride/oral hygiene	Fillings/restoration
358	Gingivitis	Plaque bacteria	—	Plaque accumulation	Red/bleeding gums	Oral hygiene	Dental cleaning
359	Oral cancer	Tobacco, alcohol, HPV and other risks	—	Noninfectious risk factors	Mouth ulcer/lump	Tobacco avoidance, HPV prevention	Surgery/radiation/systemic therapy
360	Lung cancer	Smoking and other carcinogens	—	Environmental/genetic	Cough, weight loss, breathlessness	No smoking	Surgery/systemic therapy/radiation
361	Breast cancer	Genetic/hormonal/environmental factors	—	Noninfectious	Lump, skin/nipple changes	Screening/risk reduction	Surgery/systemic therapy/radiation
362	Colorectal cancer	Genetic/environmental factors	—	Noninfectious	Bleeding, bowel changes	Screening, lifestyle	Surgery/chemotherapy/radiation/targeted therapy
363	Prostate cancer	Genetic/age-related factors	—	Noninfectious	Often silent early; urinary symptoms later	Screening discussion	Surveillance/surgery/radiation/systemic therapy
364	Cervical cancer	High-risk HPV	—	Sexual acquisition of HPV	Abnormal bleeding	HPV vaccine/screening	Surgery/radiation/systemic therapy
365	Ovarian cancer	Genetic/other factors	—	Noninfectious	Bloating, pelvic symptoms	Genetic counseling where indicated	Surgery/chemotherapy/targeted therapy
366	Endometrial cancer	Endometrial cell mutations/hormonal factors	—	Noninfectious	Abnormal uterine bleeding	Risk-factor management	Surgery ± systemic/radiation treatment
367	Leukemia	Abnormal blood-forming cells	—	Genetic mutations	Fatigue, infections, bleeding	Limited prevention	Chemotherapy/targeted therapy/transplant depending on type
368	Lymphoma	Abnormal lymphocytes	—	Genetic/immune/infectious factors	Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss	Cause-specific	Chemotherapy/immunotherapy/radiation
369	Multiple myeloma	Abnormal plasma cells	—	Genetic changes	Bone pain, anemia, kidney problems	—	Targeted therapy/immunotherapy/transplant in selected cases
370	Melanoma	Malignant melanocytes	—	UV/genetic factors	Changing pigmented lesion	Sun protection	Surgery ± systemic therapy
371	Basal cell carcinoma	Skin basal cells, UV exposure	—	Noninfectious	Pearly skin lesion	Sun protection	Excision/topical/other treatment
372	Squamous cell skin cancer	Keratinocytes, UV/other risks	—	Noninfectious	Scaly/ulcerated lesion	Sun protection	Excision/other therapy
373	Thyroid cancer	Genetic/environmental factors	—	Noninfectious	Thyroid nodule	Appropriate evaluation	Surgery ± radioiodine/systemic therapy
374	Pancreatic cancer	Genetic/environmental factors	—	Noninfectious	Weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice	No established prevention	Surgery/systemic therapy
375	Liver cancer	HBV/HCV/cirrhosis and other factors	—	Chronic liver disease	Weight loss, abdominal pain	Hepatitis prevention/treatment	Surgery/ablation/systemic therapy
376	Kidney cancer	Genetic/environmental factors	—	Noninfectious	Blood in urine, pain, mass	Smoking/BP control	Surgery/systemic therapy
377	Bladder cancer	Tobacco/chemical exposure	—	Noninfectious	Blood in urine	Smoking cessation	Surgery/chemotherapy/immunotherapy
378	Brain tumors	Genetic/cellular mutations	—	Noninfectious	Headache, seizures, neurological deficits	Limited prevention	Surgery/radiation/systemic therapy
379	Bone cancer	Genetic/cellular mutations	—	Noninfectious	Bone pain/swelling	—	Surgery/chemotherapy/radiation
380	Testicular cancer	Germ-cell abnormalities	—	Genetic/developmental	Testicular lump/swelling	—	Surgery ± chemotherapy/radiation
381	Hodgkin lymphoma	Malignant lymphocytes	—	Multifactorial; EBV association	Enlarged lymph nodes, fever	—	Chemotherapy/radiation/immunotherapy
382	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Malignant lymphocytes	—	Many genetic/immune factors	Nodes, fever, weight loss	Cause/risk management	Type-specific systemic therapy
383	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Abnormal lymphoid precursors	—	Genetic mutations	Fever, anemia, bleeding	—	Multi-agent chemotherapy ± targeted therapy
384	Acute myeloid leukemia	Abnormal myeloid precursors	—	Genetic mutations	Anemia, infections, bleeding	—	Chemotherapy/targeted therapy/transplant
385	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia	Abnormal B lymphocytes	—	Genetic changes	Often asymptomatic; nodes/infections	—	Observation or systemic therapy
386	Chronic myeloid leukemia	BCR-ABL mutation	—	Acquired genetic change	Fatigue, enlarged spleen	—	Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
387	Sepsis	Dysregulated response to infection	—	Complication of infection	Fever/low temperature, organ failure	Infection prevention	Emergency antibiotics/supportive care
388	Septic shock	Severe sepsis with circulatory failure	—	Infection	Very low BP, organ failure	Infection prevention	ICU fluids, antibiotics, vasopressors
389	Osteomyelitis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Bloodstream/wound spread	Bone pain, fever	Wound care	Prolonged antimicrobials ± surgery
390	Septic arthritis	Joint infection	—	Bloodstream/direct introduction	Hot swollen painful joint	Infection prevention	Urgent drainage + antibiotics
391	Discitis	Infection/inflammation of spinal disc	—	Bloodstream/contiguous spread	Back pain, fever	Infection control	Antibiotics
392	Meningococcemia	N. meningitidis bloodstream infection	—	Respiratory contact	Fever, rash, shock	Vaccination	Emergency antibiotics
393	Gas gangrene	Clostridium species	—	Contaminated wound	Severe tissue destruction	Wound care	Surgery + antibiotics
394	Wound botulism	C. botulinum toxin	—	Contaminated wound	Paralysis	Wound/drug safety	Antitoxin + wound care
395	Necrotizing enterocolitis	Intestinal inflammation in premature infants	—	Multifactorial	Abdominal swelling, feeding intolerance	Neonatal preventive care	Stop feeds, antibiotics, surgery if needed
396	Kawasaki disease	Immune-mediated childhood disease	—	Unknown	Fever, rash, mucosal changes	—	IVIG + aspirin under specialist care
397	Henoch-Schönlein purpura	IgA vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Purpura, abdominal/joint pain	—	Supportive/steroids for severe disease
398	Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome	Immune response after infection	—	Post-infectious	Fever, inflammation, organ involvement	Infection prevention	Hospital immunomodulatory care
399	Kawasaki disease with coronary complications	Kawasaki disease	—	Immune-mediated	Fever/coronary artery disease	Early treatment	IVIG + specialist cardiac care
400	Rheumatic fever	Group A strep immune reaction	—	After throat/skin infection	Migratory arthritis, carditis	Treat strep infection	Antibiotics + anti-inflammatory therapy
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
401	Acute rheumatic fever	Group A Streptococcus	—	Post-strep immune reaction	Fever, joint inflammation	Treat strep	Antibiotics/anti-inflammatory
402	Chronic rheumatic heart disease	Prior rheumatic fever	—	Immune-mediated	Valve damage	Secondary antibiotic prevention	Valve/heart-failure treatment
403	Kawasaki disease	Unknown immune trigger	—	Noninfectious	Prolonged fever, rash, mucosal changes	—	IVIG + aspirin
404	Kawasaki-associated coronary aneurysm	Kawasaki inflammation	—	Complication	Heart/vascular complications	Early Kawasaki treatment	Cardiology-directed therapy
405	Takayasu arteritis	Autoimmune vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Artery narrowing, weak pulses	—	Immunosuppression
406	Giant cell arteritis	Autoimmune vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Headache, jaw pain, vision risk	—	Urgent corticosteroids
407	Polyarteritis nodosa	Necrotizing vasculitis	—	Immune/infectious associations	Fever, pain, organ ischemia	Cause-specific	Immunosuppression
408	Granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Autoimmune vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Sinus/lung/kidney disease	—	Immunosuppressive therapy
409	Microscopic polyangiitis	Autoimmune vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Kidney/lung disease	—	Immunosuppression
410	Behçet disease	Inflammatory vasculitis	—	Genetic/environmental	Mouth/genital ulcers, eye inflammation	—	Immunosuppression
411	Antiphospholipid syndrome	Autoimmune clotting disorder	—	Autoimmune	Clots, pregnancy complications	Risk-factor management	Anticoagulation
412	Dermatomyositis	Autoimmune muscle/skin disease	—	Immune-mediated	Muscle weakness, rash	—	Steroids/immunosuppressants
413	Polymyositis	Immune-mediated muscle disease	—	Autoimmune	Muscle weakness	—	Immunosuppression
414	Polymyalgia rheumatica	Inflammatory disorder	—	Immune-mediated	Shoulder/hip stiffness and pain	—	Corticosteroids
415	Mixed connective tissue disease	Autoimmune overlap syndrome	—	Immune-mediated	Joint, skin, muscle, organ symptoms	—	Immunosuppression
416	Autoimmune hepatitis	Immune liver disease	—	Autoimmune	Hepatitis, fatigue, jaundice	—	Corticosteroids/immunosuppression
417	Primary biliary cholangitis	Autoimmune bile-duct disease	—	Autoimmune	Itching, fatigue, liver disease	—	Ursodeoxycholic acid/other therapy
418	Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Bile-duct inflammation/scarring	—	Immune-associated	Itching, jaundice, liver disease	—	Monitoring, treatment of complications/transplant
419	Addison disease	Adrenal insufficiency	—	Usually autoimmune	Fatigue, low BP	Medical monitoring	Cortisol/mineralocorticoid replacement
420	Multiple endocrine neoplasia	MEN gene mutations	—	Genetic	Multiple endocrine tumors	Genetic testing/surveillance	Surgery/medical treatment
421	Pheochromocytoma	Catecholamine-producing tumor	—	Usually adrenal tumor	High BP, sweating, palpitations	Genetic screening when indicated	Surgery + alpha blockade
422	Acromegaly	Excess growth hormone	—	Pituitary adenoma	Enlarged hands/face, metabolic effects	—	Surgery/medicines/radiation
423	Pituitary gigantism	Excess growth hormone in childhood	—	Pituitary disorder	Excessive height growth	—	Surgery/medicines
424	Diabetes insipidus	ADH deficiency/resistance	—	Pituitary/kidney causes	Excess urination/thirst	Cause-specific	Desmopressin or other therapy
425	Hyperparathyroidism	Excess PTH	—	Parathyroid disease	High calcium, stones/bone symptoms	—	Surgery/medical therapy
426	Hypoparathyroidism	Low PTH	—	Autoimmune/surgical/genetic	Low calcium, muscle spasms	—	Calcium/vitamin D
427	Primary hyperparathyroidism	Parathyroid adenoma/hyperplasia	—	Endocrine disorder	High calcium	—	Surgery/medical therapy
428	Rickets	Vitamin D/calcium/phosphate deficiency	—	Nutritional/metabolic	Bone deformities, poor growth	Vitamin D/calcium	Supplements
429	Osteomalacia	Poor bone mineralization	—	Vitamin D/metabolic	Bone pain, weakness	Vitamin D/calcium	Correct deficiency
430	Scurvy	Vitamin C deficiency	—	Nutritional	Bleeding gums, poor wound healing	Fruits/vegetables	Vitamin C
431	Beriberi	Vitamin B1 deficiency	—	Nutritional	Neurological/heart disease	Adequate thiamine	Thiamine
432	Pellagra	Niacin deficiency	—	Nutritional	Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia	Balanced diet	Niacin
433	Kwashiorkor	Severe protein deficiency	—	Malnutrition	Edema, growth failure	Adequate nutrition	Therapeutic nutrition
434	Marasmus	Severe calorie deficiency	—	Malnutrition	Severe wasting	Adequate nutrition	Therapeutic nutrition
435	Obsessive-compulsive disorder	Neuropsychiatric disorder	—	Multifactorial	Intrusive thoughts/compulsions	—	CBT/medicines
436	Panic disorder	Anxiety disorder	—	Multifactorial	Recurrent panic attacks	—	CBT/medicines
437	Generalized anxiety disorder	Anxiety disorder	—	Multifactorial	Persistent excessive worry	—	CBT/medicines
438	Major depressive disorder	Mood disorder	—	Biological/psychological/social factors	Persistent low mood/loss of interest	Mental-health support	Psychotherapy/medicines
439	Bipolar disorder	Mood disorder	—	Genetic/environmental	Mania/depression	—	Mood stabilizers/psychotherapy
440	Schizophrenia	Neuropsychiatric disorder	—	Genetic/environmental	Psychosis, functional impairment	—	Antipsychotic treatment/support
441	Anorexia nervosa	Eating disorder	—	Multifactorial	Restrictive eating, low weight	Early recognition	Nutritional/psychological/medical care
442	Bulimia nervosa	Eating disorder	—	Multifactorial	Binge eating and compensatory behaviors	Early recognition	Psychotherapy/medicines/nutrition
443	Binge-eating disorder	Eating disorder	—	Multifactorial	Recurrent binge eating	—	CBT/medical management
444	Post-traumatic stress disorder	Trauma-related disorder	—	Traumatic exposure	Intrusive memories, avoidance, hyperarousal	Trauma-informed support	Trauma-focused psychotherapy/medicines
445	Tourette syndrome	Neurodevelopmental disorder	—	Genetic/environmental	Motor and vocal tics	—	Behavioral therapy/medicines
446	Cerebral palsy	Developing-brain injury/disorder	—	Prenatal/perinatal/postnatal causes	Movement/posture problems	Prenatal/perinatal care	Rehabilitation/supportive treatment
447	Hydrocephalus	Abnormal CSF accumulation	—	Congenital, tumor, bleeding, infection	Headache, vomiting, neurological changes	Cause prevention	Neurosurgical CSF diversion
448	Spina bifida	Neural-tube defect	—	Genetic/environmental	Weakness, bladder/bowel problems	Folic acid before pregnancy	Surgery/supportive care
449	Bell’s palsy	Facial nerve palsy	—	Often post-viral	Facial weakness	—	Steroids ± antivirals
450	Cluster headache	Trigeminal autonomic headache	—	Neurological	Severe one-sided eye pain	Avoid triggers	Oxygen/triptans; prevention
451	Tension-type headache	Headache disorder	—	Multifactorial	Band-like headache	Sleep/stress management	Analgesics/preventive medicines
452	Multiple system atrophy	Neurodegenerative disorder	—	Sporadic	Movement/autonomic problems	—	Supportive treatment
453	ALS	Motor-neuron degeneration	—	Usually sporadic/genetic	Progressive weakness	—	Disease-modifying/supportive
454	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease	Prion	—	Usually sporadic	Rapid dementia, movement abnormalities	Avoid contaminated tissue exposure	Supportive care
455	Fatal familial insomnia	Prion disease	—	Genetic	Progressive insomnia, autonomic/neurological symptoms	Genetic counseling	Supportive
456	Kuru	Prion	—	Historically ritual exposure	Progressive neurological disease	Avoid exposure	Supportive
457	Niemann-Pick disease	Lipid-storage disorders	—	Genetic	Liver/spleen/neurological disease	Genetic counseling	Type-specific therapy/supportive
458	Tay-Sachs disease	HEXA deficiency	—	Autosomal recessive	Progressive neurological deterioration	Carrier screening	Supportive care
459	Pompe disease	Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency	—	Genetic	Muscle/heart weakness	Screening/genetic counseling	Enzyme replacement
460	Fabry disease	Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency	—	X-linked	Kidney, heart, nerve symptoms	Genetic counseling	Enzyme/chaperone therapy
461	McArdle disease	Muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency	—	Genetic	Exercise intolerance, muscle cramps	Activity planning	Supportive/metabolic management
462	Acute intermittent porphyria	Heme synthesis disorder	—	Genetic	Abdominal pain, neurological symptoms	Trigger avoidance	Hemin/glucose/supportive treatment
463	Familial Mediterranean fever	MEFV mutation	—	Genetic	Recurrent fever, abdominal/joint pain	—	Colchicine
464	Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	SERPINA1 mutation	—	Genetic	Lung/liver disease	No smoking	Lung/liver management
465	Hereditary angioedema	C1 inhibitor deficiency/dysfunction	—	Genetic	Recurrent swelling	Trigger planning	C1 inhibitor/bradykinin-targeted therapy
466	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	DMD mutation	—	X-linked	Progressive weakness	Genetic counseling	Steroids/gene-targeted options/support
467	Becker muscular dystrophy	DMD mutation	—	X-linked	Progressive muscle weakness	Genetic counseling	Supportive/disease-modifying therapy
468	Friedreich ataxia	FXN mutation	—	Autosomal recessive	Ataxia, weakness, heart disease	Genetic counseling	Supportive/targeted therapy where available
469	Huntington disease	HTT CAG expansion	—	Autosomal dominant	Movement/cognitive/psychiatric changes	Genetic counseling	Symptomatic care
470	Rett syndrome	MECP2 mutation	—	Genetic	Developmental regression	—	Supportive
471	Prader-Willi syndrome	Chromosome 15 imprinting disorder	—	Genetic	Hypotonia, hyperphagia, developmental issues	Genetic counseling	Nutritional/endocrine management
472	Angelman syndrome	Chromosome 15 imprinting/UBE3A	—	Genetic	Developmental delay, seizures	Genetic counseling	Supportive/antiseizure
473	Cri-du-chat syndrome	Chromosome 5 deletion	—	Chromosomal	Developmental delay, characteristic cry	Genetic	Supportive
474	Edwards syndrome	Trisomy 18	—	Chromosomal	Severe developmental/congenital abnormalities	Prenatal screening	Supportive/specialist care
475	Patau syndrome	Trisomy 13	—	Chromosomal	Severe congenital abnormalities	Prenatal screening	Supportive/specialist care
476	Rett-like disorders	Various genes	—	Genetic	Developmental regression	Genetic testing	Supportive
477	Fragile X syndrome	FMR1 expansion	—	X-linked	Intellectual/developmental differences	Genetic counseling	Supportive
478	Neurofibromatosis type 2	NF2 mutation	—	Genetic	Schwannomas, hearing loss	Genetic counseling	Monitoring/surgery/radiation
479	Von Hippel-Lindau disease	VHL mutation	—	Genetic	Kidney/brain/retinal tumors	Genetic surveillance	Surgery/targeted treatment
480	Li-Fraumeni syndrome	TP53 mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple cancer risks	Genetic surveillance	Cancer-specific
481	Lynch syndrome	DNA mismatch-repair mutations	—	Genetic	Increased colorectal/endometrial cancer risk	Genetic testing/surveillance	Cancer prevention/treatment
482	Familial adenomatous polyposis	APC mutation	—	Genetic	Numerous colon polyps	Genetic screening	Surveillance/colectomy
483	BRCA-associated cancer syndrome	BRCA1/2 mutations	—	Genetic	Breast/ovarian/prostate/pancreatic cancer risk	Genetic counseling/screening	Risk-reducing/cancer-specific treatment
484	Retinitis pigmentosa	Retinal gene disorders	—	Genetic	Night blindness, peripheral vision loss	Genetic counseling	Low-vision support; gene-specific therapy in selected cases
485	Leber congenital amaurosis	Retinal gene disorders	—	Genetic	Severe childhood visual impairment	Genetic counseling	Gene-specific therapy for eligible mutations
486	Stargardt disease	ABCA4 mutations	—	Genetic	Juvenile central vision loss	Genetic counseling	Low-vision support
487	Achromatopsia	Cone-photoreceptor gene disorders	—	Genetic	Color blindness, light sensitivity	Eye protection	Supportive
488	Retinoblastoma	RB1 mutation	—	Genetic/sporadic	Childhood eye tumor	Genetic screening	Chemotherapy/local therapy/surgery
489	Alport syndrome	Collagen IV mutations	—	Genetic	Kidney disease, hearing/eye abnormalities	Genetic counseling	Kidney/BP management
490	Polycystic kidney disease	PKD mutations	—	Genetic	Enlarged kidneys, hypertension	Genetic counseling	BP/kidney management
491	Bartter syndrome	Renal salt-transport defects	—	Genetic	Low potassium, dehydration	Genetic	Electrolyte replacement
492	Gitelman syndrome	Renal electrolyte transport defect	—	Genetic	Low potassium/magnesium	Genetic	Electrolyte replacement
493	Fabry disease	Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency	—	Genetic	Kidney/heart/nerve symptoms	Genetic counseling	Enzyme/chaperone therapy
494	Alport syndrome	COL4A mutations	—	Genetic	Hematuria, kidney failure, hearing loss	Genetic counseling	Kidney/BP management
495	Goodpasture disease	Autoimmune basement-membrane disease	—	Autoimmune	Lung bleeding, kidney failure	—	Immunosuppression/plasma exchange
496	Minimal change disease	Kidney immune disorder	—	Immune-mediated	Nephrotic syndrome	—	Corticosteroids
497	IgA nephropathy	IgA immune deposits	—	Immune-mediated	Blood/protein in urine	BP control	Supportive/immunosuppressive therapy
498	Polycystic liver disease	Genetic cystic disease	—	Genetic	Enlarged liver, cysts	Genetic counseling	Symptom/surgical management
499	Primary hyperoxaluria	Oxalate metabolism defect	—	Genetic	Kidney stones/kidney failure	Genetic	Diet, medicines, transplant in severe cases
500	Cystinuria	Amino-acid transport defect	—	Genetic	Recurrent kidney stones	Genetic	High fluids, alkalinization, medicines
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
501	Phenylketonuria	PAH deficiency	—	Genetic	Intellectual disability if untreated	Newborn screening	Phenylalanine-restricted diet
502	Maple syrup urine disease	Branched-chain amino-acid metabolism defect	—	Genetic	Neurological illness, characteristic urine odor	Newborn screening	Special diet; metabolic emergency care
503	Homocystinuria	Metabolic enzyme defects	—	Genetic	Eye, skeletal, vascular, neurological problems	Screening	Vitamin/diet/metabolic therapy
504	Galactosemia	Galactose metabolism defect	—	Genetic	Liver failure, infection, developmental problems	Newborn screening	Avoid galactose/lactose
505	Hereditary fructose intolerance	Aldolase B deficiency	—	Genetic	Vomiting, hypoglycemia after fructose	Avoid fructose/sucrose	Dietary avoidance
506	Glycogen storage disease	Glycogen metabolism defects	—	Genetic	Hypoglycemia, enlarged liver/muscle problems	Genetic counseling	Diet/metabolic therapy
507	Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency	Fatty-acid oxidation defect	—	Genetic	Hypoglycemia during fasting	Newborn screening	Avoid fasting; emergency glucose
508	Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency	Urea-cycle defect	—	X-linked genetic	Hyperammonemia, neurological symptoms	Genetic counseling	Protein management/ammonia-lowering treatment
509	Maple syrup urine disease	BCKD deficiency	—	Genetic	Neurological/metabolic crisis	Screening	Dietary/metabolic treatment
510	Congenital adrenal hyperplasia	Steroid synthesis enzyme defects	—	Genetic	Hormonal abnormalities	Newborn screening	Hormone replacement
511	Congenital hypothyroidism	Thyroid-development/hormone defects	—	Genetic/developmental	Poor growth, developmental impairment	Newborn screening	Thyroid hormone
512	Turner syndrome	Monosomy X	—	Chromosomal	Short stature, ovarian insufficiency	—	Growth hormone/hormone replacement
513	Klinefelter syndrome	XXY	—	Chromosomal	Hypogonadism, infertility	—	Testosterone/support
514	Rett syndrome	MECP2 mutation	—	Genetic	Developmental regression	—	Supportive
515	Prader-Willi syndrome	Chromosome 15 imprinting disorder	—	Genetic	Hyperphagia, developmental problems	Nutritional supervision	Hormonal/nutritional management
516	Angelman syndrome	UBE3A-related disorder	—	Genetic	Developmental delay, seizures	—	Supportive
517	Noonan syndrome	RAS/MAPK pathway mutations	—	Genetic	Short stature, heart defects	Genetic counseling	Cardiac/endocrine management
518	Rett syndrome	MECP2	—	Genetic	Regression, seizures	—	Supportive
519	Williams syndrome	7q11.23 deletion	—	Genetic	Characteristic features, heart disease	Genetic counseling	Cardiac/developmental management
520	DiGeorge syndrome	22q11.2 deletion	—	Genetic	Immune, heart, calcium abnormalities	Genetic testing	Immune/cardiac/endocrine treatment
521	Common variable immunodeficiency	Immune deficiency	—	Genetic/immune	Recurrent infections	Infection prevention	Immunoglobulin replacement
522	Severe combined immunodeficiency	Multiple genetic defects	—	Genetic	Severe recurrent infections	Newborn screening	Stem-cell transplant/gene therapy
523	Chronic granulomatous disease	Phagocyte dysfunction	—	Genetic	Recurrent bacterial/fungal infections	Infection prophylaxis	Antimicrobials ± stem-cell transplant
524	Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome	WAS mutation	—	X-linked	Infections, eczema, bleeding	Genetic counseling	Stem-cell transplant/support
525	Selective IgA deficiency	Low IgA	—	Immune/genetic	Recurrent respiratory/GI infections	Infection precautions	Treat infections
526	Hereditary angioedema	C1 inhibitor disorder	—	Genetic	Recurrent swelling	Trigger planning	Targeted acute/preventive therapy
527	Ataxia-telangiectasia	ATM mutation	—	Genetic	Ataxia, telangiectasia, immune deficiency	Genetic counseling	Supportive
528	Diabetic nephropathy	Diabetes-related kidney damage	—	Chronic diabetes	Proteinuria, kidney decline	Glucose/BP control	Kidney-protective therapy
529	Diabetic neuropathy	Diabetes-related nerve damage	—	Chronic diabetes	Numbness, pain	Glucose control/foot care	Pain medicines/risk management
530	Diabetic foot disease	Diabetes + neuropathy/vascular disease	—	Complication	Ulcers, infection	Foot care	Wound care, antibiotics/surgery when needed
531	Hyperlipidemia	High blood lipids	—	Genetic/diet/metabolic	Usually asymptomatic	Diet/exercise	Lipid-lowering medicines
532	Familial hypercholesterolemia	LDL-receptor pathway mutations	—	Genetic	Very high LDL, premature cardiovascular disease	Family screening	Statins/other lipid therapy
533	Metabolic syndrome	Central obesity, insulin resistance, etc.	—	Metabolic	High BP, high glucose/lipids	Exercise/healthy diet	Risk-factor treatment
534	Hyperuricemia	High uric acid	—	Metabolic/genetic	Often asymptomatic; gout risk	Diet/weight management	Urate-lowering treatment when indicated
535	Hypoglycemia	Low blood glucose	—	Diabetes drugs, endocrine disease, fasting	Sweating, confusion, weakness	Medication/meal planning	Glucose
536	Hypercalcemia	High blood calcium	—	Cancer, parathyroid, drugs	Weakness, stones, confusion	Cause-specific	Fluids/cause-specific therapy
537	Hyponatremia	Low blood sodium	—	Medications, fluid disorders, disease	Confusion, seizures	Cause management	Controlled sodium/fluid treatment
538	Hyperkalemia	High blood potassium	—	Kidney disease/drugs	Weakness, dangerous arrhythmia	Kidney/drug monitoring	Emergency potassium-lowering treatment
539	Hypokalemia	Low potassium	—	Diuretics/GI losses	Weakness, arrhythmia	Electrolyte management	Potassium replacement
540	Metabolic acidosis	Excess acid/low bicarbonate	—	Kidney failure, diabetes, toxins	Rapid breathing, confusion	Treat causes	Cause-specific emergency treatment
541	Respiratory failure	Inadequate gas exchange	—	Lung/heart/neurological causes	Severe breathlessness, low oxygen	Treat underlying disease	Oxygen/ventilation
542	Acute respiratory distress syndrome	Severe inflammatory lung injury	—	Infection, trauma, sepsis etc.	Severe breathing failure	Prevent/treat causes	ICU ventilation/support
543	Pleural effusion	Fluid around lungs	—	Heart/liver/cancer/infection etc.	Breathlessness, chest pain	Treat underlying cause	Drainage/cause treatment
544	Pneumothorax	Collapsed lung	—	Trauma/spontaneous/lung disease	Sudden chest pain, breathlessness	Avoid smoking/trauma risks	Observation, aspiration/chest tube
545	Empyema	Pus in pleural space	—	Bacterial infection	Fever, chest pain, breathlessness	Treat pneumonia	Antibiotics + drainage
546	Tuberculosis meningitis	M. tuberculosis	—	Spread from TB infection	Headache, fever, neurological signs	TB control	Prolonged anti-TB therapy + steroids
547	Tuberculous pleuritis	M. tuberculosis	—	Airborne TB infection	Chest pain, fever, fluid	TB prevention	Anti-TB therapy
548	Tuberculous lymphadenitis	M. tuberculosis	—	TB infection	Enlarged lymph nodes	TB control	Anti-TB therapy
549	Extrapulmonary tuberculosis	M. tuberculosis	—	Airborne infection followed by spread	Organ-specific symptoms	TB prevention	Multi-drug therapy
550	Drug-resistant tuberculosis	Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis	—	Airborne	Persistent TB symptoms	Adherence/infection control	Specialized multidrug regimen
551	Multidrug-resistant TB	Resistant TB bacteria	—	Airborne	TB symptoms	Infection control/adherence	Second-line regimen
552	Extensively drug-resistant TB	Highly resistant TB	—	Airborne	TB symptoms	Infection control	Specialized regimen
553	Non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease	NTM bacteria	—	Environmental exposure	Lung/skin disease	Risk reduction	Prolonged combination antibiotics
554	MAC infection	Mycobacterium avium complex	—	Environmental	Lung/systemic disease	Risk reduction	Combination antimicrobials
555	Leprosy reaction	Immune reaction in leprosy	—	Complication	Nerve pain/inflammation	Early leprosy treatment	Steroids/immune therapy
556	Pott disease	Spinal tuberculosis	—	TB spread	Back pain, neurological deficits	TB control	Anti-TB therapy ± surgery
557	Miliary tuberculosis	Disseminated TB	—	Bloodstream spread of TB	Fever, weight loss, multi-organ disease	TB prevention	Multi-drug TB therapy
558	Tuberculous pericarditis	TB infection	—	Spread of TB	Chest pain, fluid, heart failure	TB control	Anti-TB therapy + steroids in selected cases
559	Tuberculous osteomyelitis	TB bacteria	—	Bloodstream/contiguous spread	Bone pain/swelling	TB control	Anti-TB therapy
560	Tuberculous abdominal disease	TB bacteria	—	Spread of TB	Abdominal pain, weight loss	TB control	Anti-TB therapy
561	Infective endocarditis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Bloodstream infection	Fever, murmur, emboli	Dental/medical precautions	IV antimicrobials ± surgery
562	Prosthetic-valve endocarditis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Bloodstream infection	Fever, valve dysfunction	Infection prevention	Prolonged antimicrobials ± surgery
563	Myocarditis	Viral/immune/toxic causes	—	Infection or immune reaction	Chest pain, arrhythmia, heart failure	Infection prevention	Supportive/cause-specific
564	Dilated cardiomyopathy	Genetic/toxic/infectious causes	—	Noninfectious	Heart failure	Avoid cardiotoxins	Heart-failure therapy
565	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Sarcomere mutations	—	Genetic	Breathlessness, chest pain, arrhythmia	Family screening	Medicines/procedures
566	Restrictive cardiomyopathy	Infiltrative/storage disease	—	Multiple	Heart failure	Treat underlying disease	Cause-specific
567	Congenital heart disease	Developmental/genetic factors	—	Congenital	Murmur, cyanosis, heart failure	Prenatal care	Medicines/catheter/surgery
568	Atrial septal defect	Congenital heart defect	—	Congenital	Often asymptomatic, murmur	—	Observation/device/surgery
569	Ventricular septal defect	Congenital heart defect	—	Congenital	Murmur, heart failure if large	—	Observation/closure
570	Tetralogy of Fallot	Congenital heart defect	—	Congenital	Cyanosis, breathlessness	—	Surgical repair
571	Coarctation of aorta	Congenital narrowing	—	Congenital	High BP, weak legs	—	Surgery/catheter intervention
572	Rheumatic mitral stenosis	Rheumatic heart disease	—	Post-strep immune damage	Breathlessness, fatigue	Strep prevention	Medicines/valve intervention
573	Mitral valve prolapse	Valve structural abnormality	—	Genetic/degenerative	Palpitations, often none	—	Observation/medicines/surgery
574	Aortic stenosis	Valve calcification/congenital/rheumatic	—	Degenerative/congenital	Chest pain, fainting, breathlessness	Cardiovascular risk control	Valve replacement/intervention
575	Aortic regurgitation	Aortic valve leakage	—	Degenerative/infectious/congenital	Breathlessness, palpitations	Cause-specific	Monitoring/surgery
576	Mitral regurgitation	Mitral valve leakage	—	Degenerative/ischemic/rheumatic	Breathlessness	Cause-specific	Medicines/surgery
577	Deep vein thrombosis	Venous clot	—	Immobility/cancer/hormones	Leg swelling/pain	Mobility/anticoagulation prevention	Anticoagulants
578	Pulmonary embolism	Clot in pulmonary artery	—	Usually DVT	Breathlessness/chest pain	DVT prevention	Anticoagulation/emergency therapy
579	Chronic venous insufficiency	Venous valve dysfunction	—	Venous disease	Leg swelling/skin changes	Exercise/compression	Compression/wound care/procedures
580	Lymphedema	Lymphatic dysfunction	—	Congenital/cancer/surgery/infection	Limb swelling	Skin care/compression	Compression/physical therapy
581	Varicose veins	Venous valve failure	—	Chronic venous disease	Enlarged superficial veins	Exercise/compression	Procedures if symptomatic
582	Raynaud phenomenon	Abnormal vascular response	—	Cold/stress/autoimmune	Fingers change color, pain	Keep warm	Trigger avoidance/vasodilators
583	Buerger disease	Tobacco-associated vascular inflammation	—	Smoking	Limb pain/ischemia	Stop tobacco	Smoking cessation/supportive/vascular care
584	Atherosclerosis	Arterial plaque	—	Lipid/inflammatory disease	Depends on affected artery	No smoking, lipid/BP control	Statins/risk reduction/intervention
585	Abdominal aortic aneurysm	Aortic wall degeneration	—	Age/smoking/genetics	Often silent; rupture severe	Smoking cessation/screening in selected groups	Monitoring/surgery
586	Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Ruptured cerebral aneurysm/other vessel	—	Noninfectious	Sudden severe headache	BP/smoking control	Emergency neurosurgery/intervention
587	Intracerebral hemorrhage	Brain vessel rupture	—	Hypertension/vascular disorders	Sudden neurological deficits	BP control	Emergency stroke care
588	Transient ischemic attack	Temporary brain ischemia	—	Vascular disease	Temporary stroke-like symptoms	Vascular risk reduction	Urgent stroke prevention
589	Cerebral aneurysm	Weak cerebral artery wall	—	Genetic/acquired	Often silent; rupture causes hemorrhage	BP/smoking control	Monitoring/coiling/clipping
590	Multiple sclerosis	Immune CNS demyelination	—	Autoimmune/multifactorial	Vision, sensory/motor problems	—	Disease-modifying therapy
591	Neuromyelitis optica	AQP4/MOG-associated immune disease	—	Autoimmune	Optic neuritis, spinal cord attacks	—	Immunotherapy
592	Transverse myelitis	Spinal cord inflammation	—	Immune/infectious	Weakness, sensory/bladder problems	—	Steroids/plasma exchange
593	Optic neuritis	Optic nerve inflammation	—	Immune/infectious	Painful vision loss	—	Cause-specific/steroids
594	Peripheral neuropathy	Nerve damage	—	Diabetes, toxins, deficiency etc.	Numbness, pain, weakness	Control causes	Cause treatment/pain management
595	Carpal tunnel syndrome	Median nerve compression	—	Repetitive/structural factors	Hand numbness/weakness	Ergonomics	Splint/injection/surgery
596	Sciatica	Nerve-root compression	—	Disc degeneration/herniation	Radiating leg pain	Exercise/ergonomics	Conservative care; surgery selected
597	Parkinsonism	Multiple causes	—	Neurodegenerative/drug/vascular	Slowness, rigidity, tremor	Cause-specific	Levodopa/cause-specific therapy
598	Essential tremor	Neurological movement disorder	—	Often genetic	Action/postural tremor	—	Medicines/deep brain stimulation selected
599	Dystonia	Abnormal muscle contractions	—	Genetic/neurological	Sustained twisting movements	—	Botulinum toxin/medicines
600	Restless legs syndrome	Neurological disorder	—	Genetic/iron deficiency/other	Urge to move legs, evening discomfort	Correct iron deficiency	Iron or neurological medicines
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
601	Common cold	Rhinoviruses, other viruses	—	Respiratory droplets/contact	Runny nose, cough	Hand hygiene	Rest, fluids
602	Influenza	Influenza viruses	—	Respiratory droplets/aerosols	Fever, cough, body aches	Flu vaccine	Antivirals/supportive care
603	COVID-19	SARS-CoV-2	—	Respiratory aerosols/droplets	Fever, cough, fatigue	Vaccination, ventilation	Supportive/antiviral treatment
604	Respiratory syncytial virus infection	RSV	—	Respiratory secretions	Cough, wheezing	Immunization for eligible groups	Supportive care
605	Human metapneumovirus infection	hMPV	—	Respiratory secretions	Cough, fever, wheezing	Hygiene	Supportive care
606	Parainfluenza infection	Parainfluenza viruses	—	Respiratory droplets	Croup, cough	Hygiene	Supportive care
607	Croup	Parainfluenza and other viruses	—	Respiratory	Barking cough, stridor	Hygiene	Steroids; emergency airway care if severe
608	Bronchiolitis	Usually RSV	—	Respiratory	Wheezing, rapid breathing	Hygiene/immunization	Supportive care
609	Whooping cough	Bordetella pertussis	—	Respiratory droplets	Severe coughing fits	Vaccination	Antibiotics/support
610	Diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	—	Respiratory/contact	Sore throat, membrane, toxicity	Vaccination	Antitoxin + antibiotics
611	Scarlet fever	Group A Streptococcus	—	Respiratory/contact	Fever, sore throat, rash	Hygiene	Antibiotics
612	Strep throat	Group A Streptococcus	—	Respiratory droplets	Sore throat, fever	Hygiene	Antibiotics when confirmed
613	Epiglottitis	Usually bacterial, including H. influenzae	—	Respiratory	Airway obstruction, drooling	Vaccination	Emergency airway + antibiotics
614	Legionnaires’ disease	Legionella	—	Inhalation of contaminated water aerosols	Pneumonia, fever	Water-system control	Antibiotics
615	Pontiac fever	Legionella	—	Contaminated water aerosols	Fever, flu-like illness	Water-system control	Usually supportive
616	Mycoplasma pneumonia	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	—	Respiratory droplets	Dry cough, fever	Hygiene	Antibiotics when indicated
617	Chlamydial pneumonia	Chlamydia pneumoniae	—	Respiratory droplets	Cough, fever	Hygiene	Antibiotics
618	Psittacosis	Chlamydia psittaci	—	Bird droppings/secretions	Fever, pneumonia	Bird-exposure precautions	Antibiotics
619	Q fever	Coxiella burnetii	—	Livestock aerosols/products	Fever, hepatitis/pneumonia	Occupational precautions	Antibiotics
620	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	Hantaviruses	—	Rodent urine/droppings aerosols	Fever, severe respiratory failure	Rodent control	Intensive supportive care
621	Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Hantaviruses	—	Rodent exposure	Fever, kidney failure, bleeding	Rodent control	Supportive care
622	Avian influenza	Influenza A viruses	—	Infected birds/animals; some human transmission	Fever, respiratory disease	Avoid infected animals	Antivirals/support
623	Swine influenza	Influenza A viruses	—	Respiratory; pigs/humans	Flu symptoms	Hygiene/vaccination	Antivirals/support
624	Middle East respiratory syndrome	MERS-CoV	—	Camel exposure/person-to-person	Severe respiratory disease	Infection control	Supportive
625	SARS	SARS-CoV	—	Respiratory	Severe pneumonia	Infection control	Supportive
626	Adenovirus infection	Adenoviruses	—	Respiratory/contact/fecal-oral	Fever, conjunctivitis, diarrhea	Hygiene	Supportive
627	Rhinovirus infection	Rhinoviruses	—	Respiratory/contact	Cold symptoms	Hand hygiene	Supportive
628	Enterovirus infection	Enteroviruses	—	Fecal-oral/respiratory	Fever, rash, neurological disease	Hygiene	Supportive
629	Hand-foot-and-mouth disease	Enteroviruses	—	Fecal-oral/contact	Mouth ulcers, hand/foot rash	Hygiene	Supportive
630	Herpangina	Enteroviruses	—	Fecal-oral/respiratory	Fever, throat blisters	Hygiene	Supportive
631	Poliomyelitis	Poliovirus	—	Fecal-oral	Paralysis, meningitis	Vaccination	Supportive/rehabilitation
632	Viral meningitis	Enteroviruses and others	—	Depends on virus	Headache, fever, neck stiffness	Vaccination/hygiene	Supportive/cause-specific
633	Viral encephalitis	Several viruses	Sometimes mosquitoes/ticks	Vector or other routes	Fever, seizures, confusion	Vaccination/vector control	Antivirals when available/support
634	Herpes simplex encephalitis	HSV-1/HSV-2	—	Herpesvirus infection/reactivation	Fever, seizures, altered behavior	Safer sex; hygiene	IV acyclovir
635	Varicella	Varicella-zoster virus	—	Airborne/droplets/contact	Itchy vesicular rash	Vaccination	Supportive/antiviral
636	Herpes zoster	Varicella-zoster virus	—	Reactivation of latent virus	Painful unilateral rash	Shingles vaccine	Antivirals/pain treatment
637	Infectious mononucleosis	Epstein-Barr virus	—	Saliva	Fever, sore throat, lymph nodes	Avoid saliva sharing	Supportive
638	Cytomegalovirus infection	CMV	—	Body fluids/congenital/blood	Often mild; congenital disease	Hygiene	Usually supportive; antivirals in severe cases
639	Roseola	HHV-6/HHV-7	—	Respiratory/saliva	High fever followed by rash	Hygiene	Supportive
640	Molluscum contagiosum	Molluscum contagiosum virus	—	Skin contact	Small umbilicated bumps	Avoid direct contact	Often resolves; removal if needed
641	Warts	Human papillomaviruses	—	Skin contact	Rough skin growths	HPV prevention/hygiene	Cryotherapy/topical therapy
642	Genital warts	Low-risk HPV	—	Sexual contact	Genital growths	HPV vaccination/condoms	Topical or procedural treatment
643	Herpes genitalis	HSV-1/HSV-2	—	Sexual/skin contact	Painful blisters/ulcers	Condoms, testing	Antivirals
644	Herpes labialis	HSV-1	—	Oral/skin contact	Cold sores	Avoid contact during outbreaks	Antivirals
645	Mpox	Monkeypox virus	—	Close contact/animal exposure	Fever, lymph nodes, lesions	Vaccination for eligible risk groups	Supportive; antivirals in selected cases
646	Measles	Measles virus	—	Airborne	Fever, cough, rash	MMR vaccine	Supportive, vitamin A in children where indicated
647	Mumps	Mumps virus	—	Respiratory droplets	Parotid swelling, fever	MMR vaccine	Supportive
648	Rubella	Rubella virus	—	Respiratory droplets	Mild fever, rash	MMR vaccine	Supportive
649	Rotavirus gastroenteritis	Rotavirus	—	Fecal-oral	Severe diarrhea/vomiting	Vaccination, hygiene	Rehydration
650	Norovirus gastroenteritis	Norovirus	—	Fecal-oral/food/contact	Vomiting, diarrhea	Hand hygiene/food safety	Rehydration
651	Hepatitis A	HAV	—	Fecal-oral	Jaundice, fatigue	Vaccine, sanitation	Supportive
652	Hepatitis B	HBV	—	Blood/sex/perinatal	Hepatitis, chronic liver disease	Vaccine, safe blood/sex	Antivirals for chronic disease
653	Hepatitis C	HCV	—	Blood exposure	Often silent; liver disease	Blood safety, avoid needle sharing	Direct-acting antivirals
654	Hepatitis D	HDV	—	Blood/body fluids; requires HBV	Severe hepatitis	Hepatitis B vaccination	Antiviral/specialist care
655	Hepatitis E	HEV	—	Fecal-oral, contaminated food/water	Acute hepatitis	Safe water/food	Supportive
656	HIV infection	Human immunodeficiency virus	—	Sexual, blood, perinatal	Immune deficiency if untreated	PrEP, condoms, safe blood	Combination antiretroviral therapy
657	AIDS	Advanced HIV infection	—	HIV infection	Opportunistic infections, cancers	HIV prevention/testing	ART + opportunistic infection treatment
658	Dengue	Dengue virus	Aedes mosquito	Mosquito bite	Fever, severe aches, bleeding in severe disease	Mosquito control	Fluids/supportive; avoid certain NSAIDs
659	Chikungunya	Chikungunya virus	Aedes mosquito	Mosquito bite	Fever, severe joint pain	Mosquito control	Supportive/pain treatment
660	Zika disease	Zika virus	Aedes mosquito	Mosquito, sexual, congenital	Fever, rash, joint pain	Mosquito/sexual precautions	Supportive
661	Yellow fever	Yellow fever virus	Aedes/Haemagogus mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, jaundice, bleeding	Vaccination/vector control	Supportive
662	West Nile fever	West Nile virus	Culex mosquito	Mosquito bite	Fever; neurological disease in some	Mosquito control	Supportive
663	Japanese encephalitis	Japanese encephalitis virus	Culex mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Encephalitis, seizures	Vaccination/vector control	Supportive
664	St. Louis encephalitis	St. Louis encephalitis virus	Culex mosquito	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive
665	La Crosse encephalitis	La Crosse virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, seizures, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive
666	Eastern equine encephalitis	EEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Severe encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive
667	Western equine encephalitis	WEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive
668	Venezuelan equine encephalitis	VEE virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, encephalitis	Mosquito control	Supportive
669	Rift Valley fever	RVF virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito/animal exposure	Fever, hepatitis, eye disease	Vector/animal control	Supportive
670	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever	CCHF virus	Ticks	Tick/animal/blood exposure	Fever, bleeding	Tick avoidance/infection control	Supportive/specialist care
671	Oropouche fever	Oropouche virus	Biting midges/mosquitoes	Vector bite	Fever, headache, muscle pain	Vector control	Supportive
672	Mayaro fever	Mayaro virus	Mosquitoes	Mosquito bite	Fever, joint pain	Vector control	Supportive
673	Chagas disease	Trypanosoma cruzi	Triatomine bug	Bug feces, food, congenital/blood	Fever; later heart/GI disease	Housing/vector control	Benznidazole/nifurtimox
674	African trypanosomiasis	Trypanosoma brucei	Tsetse fly	Fly bite	Fever, sleep disturbance, neurological disease	Tsetse control	Stage-specific medicines
675	Leishmaniasis	Leishmania spp.	Sandfly	Sandfly bite	Skin ulcers or visceral disease	Sandfly control	Species/form-specific treatment
676	Malaria	Plasmodium spp.	Anopheles mosquito	Mosquito bite	Fever, chills, anemia	Nets, repellents, preventive medicines	Antimalarial drugs
677	Babesiosis	Babesia spp.	Ticks	Tick bite/blood	Fever, hemolytic anemia	Tick avoidance	Antimicrobials
678	Lyme disease	Borrelia spp.	Ixodes tick	Tick bite	Rash, fever, joint/neurological disease	Tick avoidance	Antibiotics
679	Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Rickettsia rickettsii	Ticks	Tick bite	Fever, rash, headache	Tick avoidance	Doxycycline
680	Scrub typhus	Orientia tsutsugamushi	Chiggers	Mite bite	Fever, rash, eschar	Mite avoidance	Doxycycline/appropriate antibiotic
681	Epidemic typhus	Rickettsia prowazekii	Body louse	Louse feces	Fever, headache, rash	Louse control	Doxycycline
682	Murine typhus	Rickettsia typhi	Fleas	Flea exposure	Fever, headache	Flea/rodent control	Doxycycline
683	Trench fever	Bartonella quintana	Body louse	Louse exposure	Recurrent fever, bone pain	Louse control	Antibiotics
684	Cat-scratch disease	Bartonella henselae	Fleas	Cat scratch/bite	Lymph-node swelling	Flea control, wound care	Usually supportive; antibiotics selected cases
685	Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Ticks/other routes	Tick, animal, aerosol	Fever, ulcers, lymph nodes	Tick/animal precautions	Antibiotics
686	Brucellosis	Brucella spp.	—	Unpasteurized dairy/animals	Fever, sweats, joint pain	Pasteurization/animal control	Combination antibiotics
687	Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis	—	Animal products/spores	Skin, lung or GI disease	Occupational protection/vaccine for selected groups	Antibiotics ± antitoxin
688	Plague	Yersinia pestis	Fleas	Flea/animal; respiratory in pneumonic form	Fever, lymph nodes, pneumonia	Flea/rodent control	Antibiotics
689	Leptospirosis	Leptospira	—	Animal urine/water/soil	Fever, muscle pain, jaundice	Avoid contaminated water	Antibiotics/support
690	Tetanus	Clostridium tetani	—	Spores enter wounds	Muscle rigidity/spasms	Vaccination/wound care	Antitoxin + antibiotics/support
691	Botulism	Clostridium botulinum toxin	—	Food/wound/infant intestinal colonization	Flaccid paralysis	Food safety	Antitoxin/supportive ventilation
692	Gas gangrene	Clostridium spp.	—	Contaminated wound	Severe tissue destruction	Wound care	Surgery + antibiotics
693	Foodborne salmonellosis	Salmonella	—	Contaminated food/water	Diarrhea, fever	Food hygiene	Fluids; antibiotics selected cases
694	Shigellosis	Shigella	—	Fecal-oral	Bloody diarrhea, fever	Sanitation	Fluids ± antibiotics
695	Campylobacteriosis	Campylobacter	—	Undercooked poultry/contaminated food	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Food safety	Supportive ± antibiotics
696	Cholera	Vibrio cholerae	—	Contaminated water/food	Profuse watery diarrhea	Safe water/sanitation	Immediate rehydration + antibiotics in selected cases
697	Yersiniosis	Yersinia enterocolitica	—	Contaminated food	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	Food safety	Supportive/antibiotics selected cases
698	Listeriosis	Listeria monocytogenes	—	Contaminated food	Fever, meningitis, pregnancy complications	Food safety	Antibiotics
699	E. coli diarrheal disease	Diarrheagenic E. coli	—	Contaminated food/water	Diarrhea	Food/water hygiene	Rehydration; type-specific treatment
700	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	Shiga-toxin-producing bacteria	—	Often contaminated food	Bloody diarrhea, kidney injury	Food safety	Supportive care
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
701	Typhoid fever	Salmonella Typhi	—	Fecal-oral	Prolonged fever, abdominal symptoms	Vaccine/sanitation	Antibiotics
702	Paratyphoid fever	Salmonella Paratyphi	—	Fecal-oral	Fever, abdominal symptoms	Food/water hygiene	Antibiotics
703	Amoebiasis	Entamoeba histolytica	—	Fecal-oral	Dysentery, liver abscess	Sanitation	Metronidazole + luminal agent
704	Giardiasis	Giardia duodenalis	—	Fecal-oral/water	Foul diarrhea, bloating	Safe water	Antiprotozoal therapy
705	Cryptosporidiosis	Cryptosporidium	—	Fecal-oral/water	Watery diarrhea	Safe water	Rehydration; immune restoration
706	Cyclosporiasis	Cyclospora cayetanensis	—	Contaminated food/water	Prolonged watery diarrhea	Food/water hygiene	TMP-SMX
707	Cystoisosporiasis	Cystoisospora belli	—	Fecal-oral	Watery diarrhea	Sanitation	TMP-SMX
708	Balantidiasis	Balantidium coli	—	Fecal-oral	Diarrhea/dysentery	Sanitation	Tetracycline/metronidazole
709	Toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma gondii	—	Undercooked meat/cat feces/congenital	Often mild; fetal/brain disease	Food/cat precautions	Pyrimethamine-based therapy in selected cases
710	Trichomoniasis	Trichomonas vaginalis	—	Sexual contact	Genital discharge/irritation	Condoms/testing	Metronidazole/tinidazole
711	Cryptococcosis	Cryptococcus spp.	—	Environmental inhalation	Lung/meningitis disease	—	Antifungal therapy
712	Histoplasmosis	Histoplasma	—	Inhaled environmental spores	Lung/systemic disease	Avoid heavy exposure	Antifungals
713	Blastomycosis	Blastomyces	—	Inhaled spores	Lung/skin/bone disease	Exposure precautions	Antifungals
714	Coccidioidomycosis	Coccidioides	—	Inhaled desert soil spores	Pneumonia, disseminated disease	Dust avoidance	Antifungals when indicated
715	Sporotrichosis	Sporothrix	—	Skin inoculation/plant exposure	Nodular skin/lymphatic lesions	Gloves/plant precautions	Itraconazole
716	Aspergillosis	Aspergillus	—	Inhaled spores	Allergy, lung disease, invasive infection	Avoid high-risk exposures	Antifungals
717	Mucormycosis	Mucorales fungi	—	Inhaled/inoculated spores	Severe sinus/lung/skin disease	Diabetes control	Urgent antifungal + surgery
718	Candidiasis	Candida spp.	—	Overgrowth/opportunistic infection	Oral, genital or systemic disease	Risk-factor control	Antifungals
719	Pneumocystis pneumonia	Pneumocystis jirovecii	—	Opportunistic/reactivation	Breathlessness, dry cough	HIV prophylaxis where indicated	TMP-SMX
720	Talaromycosis	Talaromyces marneffei	—	Environmental exposure	Disseminated disease	HIV care	Antifungals
721	Chromoblastomycosis	Dematiaceous fungi	—	Traumatic skin implantation	Chronic verrucous lesions	Protective footwear	Antifungals/surgery
722	Mycetoma	Bacteria or fungi	—	Traumatic implantation	Swelling, draining sinuses	Foot protection	Long-term antimicrobial/surgical therapy
723	Onychomycosis	Dermatophytes/yeasts	—	Direct contact/environment	Thick discolored nails	Foot hygiene	Topical/oral antifungals
724	Tinea corporis	Dermatophytes	—	Skin contact/animals	Ring-shaped rash	Hygiene	Topical antifungal
725	Tinea capitis	Dermatophytes	—	Contact	Scalp scaling/hair loss	Avoid sharing combs	Oral antifungal
726	Tinea pedis	Dermatophytes	—	Moist surfaces/contact	Athlete’s foot	Dry feet/footwear hygiene	Antifungal
727	Tinea cruris	Dermatophytes	—	Contact/moisture	Groin rash	Keep area dry	Antifungal
728	Scabies	Sarcoptes scabiei	—	Prolonged skin contact	Severe itching, burrows	Treat close contacts	Permethrin/ivermectin
729	Pediculosis capitis	Head louse	—	Head-to-head contact	Scalp itching	Avoid sharing personal items	Permethrin/other pediculicides
730	Pediculosis corporis	Body louse	—	Clothing/body contact	Itching, rash	Hygiene/laundering	Delousing
731	Pubic lice	Pthirus pubis	—	Sexual/close contact	Genital itching	Treat partners	Pediculicide
732	Trachoma	Chlamydia trachomatis	Mechanical flies possible	Eye contact/fomites	Chronic conjunctivitis/scarring	Facial cleanliness/sanitation	Antibiotics/surgery
733	Bacterial conjunctivitis	Various bacteria	—	Contact	Red eye, discharge	Hygiene	Antibiotic drops when indicated
734	Viral conjunctivitis	Adenovirus/other viruses	—	Contact	Red watery eyes	Hand hygiene	Supportive
735	Keratitis	Bacteria/fungi/viruses/parasites	—	Eye injury/contact lenses	Eye pain, vision loss	Contact-lens hygiene	Cause-specific urgent therapy
736	Acanthamoeba keratitis	Acanthamoeba	—	Contaminated water/contact lenses	Severe eye pain	Proper lens hygiene	Prolonged antiamoebic treatment
737	Dacryocystitis	Bacterial infection	—	Tear-duct obstruction	Pain/swelling near eye	Treat obstruction	Antibiotics/drainage
738	Cellulitis	Bacteria	—	Skin breach	Red, warm, swollen skin	Wound care	Antibiotics
739	Erysipelas	Usually streptococci	—	Skin infection	Raised red painful plaque	Skin care	Antibiotics
740	Impetigo	S. aureus/S. pyogenes	—	Skin contact	Honey-colored crusts	Hygiene	Topical/oral antibiotics
741	Folliculitis	Bacteria/fungi/irritation	—	Follicular infection	Small pustules	Skin hygiene	Topical/systemic treatment
742	Furunculosis	Usually S. aureus	—	Skin contact/self-inoculation	Boils	Hygiene	Drainage ± antibiotics
743	Erysipeloid	Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae	—	Animal/fish handling	Painful skin lesion	Gloves	Antibiotics
744	Pitted keratolysis	Skin bacteria	—	Moist footwear	Foot odor/pits	Keep feet dry	Topical antimicrobials
745	Pinta	Treponema carateum	—	Skin contact	Pigmented skin lesions	Hygiene	Penicillin
746	Yaws	Treponema pallidum pertenue	—	Skin contact	Skin/bone lesions	Hygiene	Azithromycin/penicillin
747	Bejel	Treponema pallidum endemicum	—	Nonsexual close contact	Skin/bone disease	Hygiene	Penicillin
748	Syphilis	Treponema pallidum	—	Sexual/congenital	Ulcers, rash, neurological disease	Safer sex/testing	Penicillin
749	Gonorrhea	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	—	Sexual/perinatal	Discharge, pelvic/testicular infection	Condoms/testing	Ceftriaxone-based treatment
750	Chlamydia infection	Chlamydia trachomatis	—	Sexual/perinatal	Discharge, pelvic disease	Condoms/testing	Antibiotics
751	Lymphogranuloma venereum	Specific C. trachomatis strains	—	Sexual	Genital lesion, lymph nodes	Safer sex	Doxycycline
752	Chancroid	Haemophilus ducreyi	—	Sexual	Painful genital ulcers	Safer sex	Antibiotics
753	Donovanosis	Klebsiella granulomatis	—	Sexual/close contact	Painless genital ulcers	Safer sex	Antibiotics
754	Pelvic inflammatory disease	Usually ascending STI bacteria	—	Sexual infection	Pelvic pain, fever	STI prevention	Combination antibiotics
755	Epididymitis	STI or urinary bacteria	—	Sexual/urinary	Scrotal pain/swelling	STI prevention	Antibiotics
756	Orchitis	Viral/bacterial	—	Infection	Testicular swelling/pain	Vaccination	Cause-specific
757	Vaginitis	Candida, bacteria, protozoa	—	Microbiome imbalance/infection	Discharge/itching	Hygiene/safe sex	Cause-specific
758	Bacterial vaginosis	Vaginal bacterial imbalance	—	Non-classic STI association	Discharge/odor	Avoid douching	Metronidazole/clindamycin
759	Pelvic actinomycosis	Actinomyces	—	Usually endogenous; IUD association	Pelvic mass/inflammation	Appropriate IUD care	Long-term antibiotics
760	Congenital syphilis	Treponema pallidum	—	Mother-to-child	Rash, bone/organ disease	Prenatal screening/treatment	Penicillin
761	Congenital toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma gondii	—	Mother-to-child	Eye/brain disease	Food/cat precautions	Pyrimethamine-based regimen
762	Congenital CMV	CMV	—	Mother-to-child	Hearing loss, developmental disease	Hygiene during pregnancy	Specialist antiviral therapy
763	Congenital rubella syndrome	Rubella virus	—	Mother-to-child	Deafness, heart/eye disease	MMR vaccination	Supportive
764	Neonatal herpes	HSV	—	During birth/close contact	Skin/brain/disseminated disease	Maternal management	IV acyclovir
765	Neonatal sepsis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Maternal or hospital/community exposure	Fever/low temperature, lethargy	Prenatal/neonatal infection prevention	Emergency antibiotics/support
766	Group B strep neonatal disease	Streptococcus agalactiae	—	Mother-to-child during birth	Sepsis/meningitis	Maternal screening/prophylaxis	Antibiotics
767	Necrotizing fasciitis	Aggressive bacteria	—	Wound/soft-tissue infection	Severe pain, tissue destruction	Wound care	Emergency surgery + antibiotics
768	Toxic shock syndrome	S. aureus/S. pyogenes toxins	—	Infection/toxin production	Fever, shock, rash	Wound/tampon safety	Antibiotics, source control, ICU
769	Rheumatic fever	Group A strep	—	Post-infectious	Fever, migratory arthritis	Strep treatment	Antibiotics/anti-inflammatory
770	Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	Group A strep	—	Immune complication	Blood/protein urine, swelling	Treat infections	Supportive
771	Kawasaki disease	Immune-mediated	—	Childhood inflammatory disease	Fever, rash, mucosal changes	—	IVIG
772	MIS-C	Post-SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory syndrome	—	Post-infectious	Fever, inflammation, organ involvement	Infection prevention	Hospital immunomodulatory care
773	MIS-A	Post-SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory syndrome	—	Post-infectious	Fever, organ dysfunction	Infection prevention	Hospital care
774	Reye syndrome	Associated with viral illness + aspirin in children	—	Drug/viral association	Brain/liver dysfunction	Avoid aspirin in children with viral illness	ICU supportive
775	Kawasaki coronary aneurysm	Kawasaki complication	—	Inflammatory complication	Coronary artery disease	Early treatment	Cardiac specialist care
776	Heatstroke	Extreme heat	—	Environmental	High temperature, confusion	Hydration/cooling	Emergency rapid cooling
777	Heat exhaustion	Heat exposure	—	Environmental	Sweating, weakness, dizziness	Cooling/hydration	Cooling/fluids
778	Hypothermia	Cold exposure	—	Environmental	Low temperature, confusion	Warm clothing	Rewarming
779	Frostbite	Freezing tissue injury	—	Cold exposure	Numb/pale frozen tissue	Cold protection	Controlled rewarming/specialist care
780	Decompression sickness	Nitrogen bubbles	—	Rapid pressure reduction	Joint pain, neurological symptoms	Proper diving procedures	Recompression + oxygen
781	Carbon monoxide poisoning	CO gas	—	Inhalation	Headache, confusion, unconsciousness	Ventilation/detectors	Fresh air + oxygen
782	Lead poisoning	Lead	—	Environmental/occupational ingestion/inhalation	Abdominal pain, anemia, neurological effects	Remove exposure	Chelation when indicated
783	Mercury poisoning	Mercury	—	Food/occupational/environmental	Neurological/kidney symptoms	Exposure control	Remove exposure ± chelation
784	Arsenic poisoning	Arsenic	—	Contaminated water/industry	GI, neurological, skin effects	Safe water	Chelation/supportive
785	Methanol poisoning	Methanol	—	Toxic ingestion	Visual impairment, acidosis	Safe chemical/food handling	Fomepizole ± dialysis
786	Ethylene glycol poisoning	Antifreeze chemical	—	Toxic ingestion	Acidosis, kidney failure	Secure storage	Fomepizole ± dialysis
787	Organophosphate poisoning	Pesticide chemicals	—	Inhalation/ingestion/skin	Salivation, sweating, breathing problems	PPE/safe handling	Atropine + pralidoxime
788	Cyanide poisoning	Cyanide compounds	—	Inhalation/ingestion	Rapid collapse, tissue hypoxia	Industrial safety	Specific antidotes/support
789	Acetaminophen poisoning	Drug overdose	—	Ingestion	Liver injury	Safe dosing	N-acetylcysteine
790	Salicylate poisoning	Aspirin overdose	—	Ingestion	Ringing ears, acidosis, rapid breathing	Safe dosing	Alkalinization/support
791	Radiation sickness	Ionizing radiation	—	High-dose radiation	Nausea, marrow failure, burns	Radiation protection	Supportive/specialist treatment
792	Silicosis	Silica dust	—	Occupational inhalation	Chronic cough, breathlessness	Respiratory PPE/exposure control	Supportive; TB screening
793	Asbestosis	Asbestos fibers	—	Occupational inhalation	Fibrosis, breathlessness	Exposure control	Supportive
794	Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis	Coal dust	—	Occupational inhalation	Lung fibrosis/cough	Dust control	Supportive
795	Byssinosis	Cotton/flax/hemp dust	—	Textile occupational exposure	Chest tightness, cough	Dust control	Exposure reduction/support
796	Occupational asthma	Workplace allergens/irritants	—	Inhalation at work	Wheeze/cough	Workplace exposure control	Asthma treatment
797	Asbestosis-related mesothelioma	Asbestos-associated cancer	—	Occupational/environmental exposure	Chest pain, breathlessness	Avoid asbestos	Cancer therapy
798	Silica-associated lung cancer	Carcinogenic silica exposure	—	Occupational	Cancer symptoms	Exposure control	Cancer-specific
799	Noise-induced hearing loss	Chronic loud noise	—	Occupational/environmental	Permanent hearing loss	Hearing protection	Hearing rehabilitation
800	Vibration white finger	Hand-arm vibration	—	Occupational vibration	Finger color changes/numbness	Reduce vibration exposure	Exposure reduction/vascular treatment
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
801	Pneumoconiosis	Mineral dust	—	Occupational inhalation	Cough, fibrosis	Dust control	Supportive
802	Hypersensitivity pneumonitis	Inhaled antigens	—	Environmental/occupational	Cough, breathlessness	Avoid antigen	Steroids when indicated
803	Farmer’s lung	Moldy hay antigens	—	Occupational inhalation	Fever, cough, breathlessness	Avoid dusty mold exposure	Antigen avoidance/steroids
804	Bird fancier’s lung	Bird proteins	—	Inhalation	Breathlessness/cough	Avoid exposure	Antigen avoidance/steroids
805	Asbestos pleural disease	Asbestos fibers	—	Inhalation	Pleural plaques/thickening	Exposure prevention	Monitoring/supportive
806	Occupational dermatitis	Workplace irritants/allergens	—	Skin exposure	Rash/itching	PPE/avoidance	Topical treatment
807	Occupational contact urticaria	Workplace allergens	—	Skin/inhalation	Hives	Exposure avoidance	Antihistamines
808	Farmer’s occupational asthma	Agricultural allergens	—	Inhalation	Wheezing	Exposure control	Asthma treatment
809	Chronic beryllium disease	Beryllium	—	Occupational inhalation	Lung inflammation/fibrosis	Exposure control	Corticosteroids
810	Hard-metal lung disease	Cobalt/tungsten compounds	—	Occupational	Lung inflammation	PPE	Exposure removal/steroids
811	Byssinosis	Textile dust	—	Occupational	Chest tightness	Dust control	Exposure reduction
812	Bagassosis	Sugarcane bagasse mold	—	Occupational inhalation	Hypersensitivity lung disease	Dust control	Exposure avoidance/steroids
813	Farmer’s lung	Thermophilic actinomycetes	—	Moldy agricultural material	Cough, fever	Dust control	Antigen avoidance
814	Monday fever	Organic dust exposure	—	Occupational	Fever/chills after work exposure	Workplace control	Exposure reduction
815	Minamata disease	Methylmercury	—	Contaminated seafood	Neurological disease	Pollution control	Supportive
816	Itai-itai disease	Cadmium	—	Contaminated food/water	Bone/kidney disease	Pollution control	Supportive/exposure removal
817	Fluorosis	Excess fluoride	—	Water/food exposure	Dental/bone changes	Safe fluoride levels	Exposure reduction
818	Iodine deficiency disorders	Iodine deficiency	—	Nutritional	Goiter, developmental problems	Iodized salt	Iodine
819	Vitamin A deficiency	Vitamin A deficiency	—	Nutritional	Night blindness, eye disease	Adequate diet	Vitamin A
820	Vitamin D deficiency	Vitamin D deficiency	—	Nutritional/sunlight	Bone weakness	Nutrition/sun exposure	Vitamin D
821	Vitamin K deficiency	Vitamin K deficiency	—	Nutritional/malabsorption	Bleeding	Adequate nutrition	Vitamin K
822	Protein-energy malnutrition	Nutritional deficiency	—	Inadequate food intake	Wasting/growth failure	Food security	Therapeutic nutrition
823	Beriberi	Thiamine deficiency	—	Nutritional	Neurological/cardiac disease	Balanced diet	Thiamine
824	Pellagra	Niacin deficiency	—	Nutritional	Dermatitis/diarrhea/cognitive changes	Balanced diet	Niacin
825	Scurvy	Vitamin C deficiency	—	Nutritional	Bleeding gums, poor healing	Fruit/vegetables	Vitamin C
826	Megaloblastic anemia	B12/folate deficiency	—	Nutritional/malabsorption	Fatigue, anemia	Balanced diet	B12/folate
827	Pernicious anemia	Autoimmune B12 malabsorption	—	Autoimmune	Anemia, neurological signs	Monitoring	B12 replacement
828	Aplastic anemia	Bone marrow failure	—	Immune/drugs/chemicals/genetic	Anemia, infection, bleeding	Avoid causative exposures	Immunosuppression/transplant
829	Hemolytic anemia	RBC destruction	—	Autoimmune/genetic/drug/infection	Jaundice, fatigue	Cause-specific	Cause-specific
830	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Autoantibodies against RBCs	—	Autoimmune	Anemia, jaundice	—	Steroids/immunotherapy
831	Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	ADAMTS13 deficiency/inhibition	—	Autoimmune/genetic	Low platelets, anemia, neurological/renal disease	—	Plasma exchange + immunotherapy
832	Immune thrombocytopenic purpura	Autoimmune platelet destruction	—	Autoimmune	Bruising, bleeding	—	Steroids/IVIG/other
833	Disseminated intravascular coagulation	Systemic coagulation activation	—	Sepsis/trauma/cancer etc.	Bleeding/clotting	Treat cause	Treat underlying cause/support
834	Hemophilia A	Factor VIII deficiency	—	X-linked	Bleeding	Genetic counseling	Factor VIII/non-factor therapy
835	Hemophilia B	Factor IX deficiency	—	X-linked	Bleeding	Genetic counseling	Factor IX
836	Von Willebrand disease	VWF abnormality	—	Genetic	Mucosal bleeding	Avoid unnecessary bleeding risks	Desmopressin/factor therapy
837	Factor V Leiden thrombophilia	Factor V mutation	—	Genetic	Venous thrombosis	Risk management	Anticoagulation when indicated
838	Protein C deficiency	Natural anticoagulant deficiency	—	Genetic	Thrombosis	Risk management	Anticoagulation
839	Protein S deficiency	Natural anticoagulant deficiency	—	Genetic	Thrombosis	Risk management	Anticoagulation
840	Antithrombin deficiency	Natural anticoagulant deficiency	—	Genetic	Thrombosis	Risk management	Anticoagulation
841	Hereditary hemochromatosis	Iron-overload genes	—	Genetic	Liver/heart/endocrine disease	Family screening	Phlebotomy
842	Wilson disease	Copper accumulation	—	ATP7B mutation	Liver/neurological disease	Family screening	Chelation/zinc
843	Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	SERPINA1	—	Genetic	Lung/liver disease	No smoking	Supportive/augmentation selected cases
844	Familial Mediterranean fever	MEFV mutation	—	Genetic	Recurrent fever/serositis	Genetic counseling	Colchicine
845	Hereditary periodic fever syndromes	Various immune genes	—	Genetic	Recurrent fever/inflammation	Genetic counseling	Targeted anti-inflammatory therapy
846	Systemic amyloidosis	Amyloid protein deposition	—	Plasma-cell/genetic/inflammatory causes	Multiorgan disease	Treat underlying cause	Type-specific
847	AL amyloidosis	Immunoglobulin light chains	—	Plasma-cell disorder	Heart/kidney/nerve disease	—	Plasma-cell-directed therapy
848	ATTR amyloidosis	Transthyretin	—	Hereditary or age-related	Heart/nerve disease	Genetic counseling where appropriate	TTR-targeted therapy
849	Sarcoidosis	Granulomatous immune disease	—	Unknown	Lung/skin/eye disease	—	Steroids/immunosuppression
850	Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis	Autoimmune vasculitis	—	Immune-mediated	Asthma, sinus/lung/nerve disease	—	Immunosuppression
851	IgG4-related disease	Immune-mediated fibroinflammation	—	Autoimmune-like	Organ enlargement/fibrosis	—	Corticosteroids/immunotherapy
852	Relapsing polychondritis	Autoimmune cartilage inflammation	—	Immune-mediated	Ear/nose/joint/airway inflammation	—	Immunosuppression
853	Adult-onset Still disease	Autoinflammatory disorder	—	Immune-mediated	Fever, rash, arthritis	—	NSAIDs/steroids/biologics
854	Familial Mediterranean fever	MEFV mutation	—	Genetic	Fever/serositis	Genetic counseling	Colchicine
855	Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis	Autoinflammatory	—	Immune-mediated	Fever, arthritis, rash	—	Biologic/immunosuppressive therapy
856	Juvenile idiopathic arthritis	Childhood autoimmune arthritis	—	Immune-mediated	Joint swelling/stiffness	—	DMARDs/biologics
857	Ankylosing spondylitis	Immune-mediated spondyloarthritis	—	Genetic/environmental	Back pain/stiffness	Exercise	NSAIDs/biologics
858	Psoriatic arthritis	Immune-mediated	—	Associated with psoriasis	Joint pain/swelling	—	DMARDs/biologics
859	Reactive arthritis	Immune reaction after infection	—	Post-infectious	Arthritis, eye/urinary symptoms	Infection prevention	NSAIDs/antibiotics if infection persists
860	Osteomyelitis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Blood/wound spread	Bone pain/fever	Wound care	Antimicrobials ± surgery
861	Septic arthritis	Bacteria/fungi	—	Joint infection	Hot swollen joint	Infection prevention	Drainage + antibiotics
862	Bursitis	Bursa inflammation	—	Trauma/infection/inflammatory disease	Local pain/swelling	Ergonomics	Rest/NSAIDs ± drainage
863	Tendinitis	Tendon inflammation/degeneration	—	Overuse/injury	Local pain	Ergonomics/training	Rest/rehabilitation
864	Carpal tunnel syndrome	Median nerve compression	—	Repetitive/structural	Hand numbness	Ergonomics	Splint/injection/surgery
865	Osteonecrosis	Bone blood-supply loss	—	Steroids, alcohol, trauma etc.	Joint pain	Risk-factor reduction	Conservative/surgery
866	Paget disease of bone	Abnormal bone remodeling	—	Genetic/age-related	Bone pain/deformity	—	Bisphosphonates
867	Fibrous dysplasia	GNAS mutation	—	Genetic/mosaic	Bone lesions/deformity	—	Monitoring/pain treatment/surgery
868	Primary bone lymphoma	Malignant lymphoid cells	—	Cancer	Bone pain/swelling	—	Chemotherapy/radiation
869	Osteosarcoma	Malignant bone cells	—	Genetic/cellular	Bone pain/swelling	—	Surgery + chemotherapy
870	Ewing sarcoma	EWSR1-related cancer	—	Genetic/cellular	Bone/soft-tissue mass	—	Chemotherapy + surgery/radiation
871	Chondrosarcoma	Cartilage-producing cancer	—	Genetic/cellular	Bone pain/mass	—	Surgery ± systemic therapy
872	Rhabdomyosarcoma	Skeletal-muscle cancer	—	Genetic/cellular	Soft-tissue mass	—	Multimodal cancer therapy
873	Neuroblastoma	Developing nerve-cell cancer	—	Genetic/cellular	Abdominal mass, bone symptoms	—	Multimodal cancer therapy
874	Wilms tumor	Kidney embryonal cancer	—	Genetic/developmental	Abdominal mass	Genetic surveillance in high-risk children	Surgery/chemotherapy
875	Retinoblastoma	RB1 mutation	—	Genetic/sporadic	White pupil, eye abnormality	Genetic screening	Eye-sparing therapy/surgery
876	Medulloblastoma	Embryonal brain tumor	—	Cellular/genetic	Headache, vomiting, balance problems	—	Surgery/radiation/chemotherapy
877	Glioblastoma	Malignant glial cells	—	Cellular mutations	Headache, seizures, neurological deficits	—	Surgery/radiation/chemotherapy
878	Meningioma	Meningeal tumor	—	Cellular/genetic	Headache, seizures, neurological deficits	—	Observation/surgery/radiation
879	Acoustic neuroma	Vestibular schwannoma	—	Usually sporadic; NF2 association	Hearing loss, tinnitus, imbalance	—	Observation/surgery/radiation
880	Pituitary adenoma	Pituitary tumor	—	Cellular/genetic	Hormonal or pressure symptoms	—	Medicines/surgery/radiation
881	Thyroid adenoma	Benign thyroid nodule	—	Cellular	Neck nodule/hyperthyroidism	—	Observation/surgery/radioiodine
882	Pheochromocytoma	Catecholamine tumor	—	Adrenal/genetic	Hypertension, palpitations	Genetic testing in selected cases	Surgery
883	Neuroendocrine tumor	Neuroendocrine cells	—	Genetic/cellular	Hormonal or mass effects	—	Surgery/systemic therapy
884	Gastrinoma	Gastrin-producing tumor	—	Neuroendocrine/genetic	Ulcers, diarrhea	—	Acid suppression/surgery
885	Insulinoma	Insulin-producing tumor	—	Pancreatic neuroendocrine	Hypoglycemia	—	Surgery/medical therapy
886	Carcinoid syndrome	Hormone-secreting neuroendocrine tumor	—	Tumor	Flushing, diarrhea, wheezing	—	Somatostatin analogues/tumor treatment
887	Gastrointestinal stromal tumor	KIT/PDGFRA mutations	—	Cellular/genetic	GI mass/bleeding	—	Surgery/tyrosine kinase inhibitors
888	Kaposi sarcoma	HHV-8-associated cancer	—	Viral/immune-associated	Purple skin/mucosal lesions	HIV prevention/immune management	ART/local/systemic cancer therapy
889	Burkitt lymphoma	MYC-related B-cell cancer	—	Genetic; EBV-associated in endemic areas	Rapidly growing mass	—	Intensive chemotherapy
890	Multiple myeloma	Malignant plasma cells	—	Genetic/cellular	Bone pain/anemia/kidney disease	—	Systemic therapy
891	Myelodysplastic syndromes	Abnormal marrow stem cells	—	Genetic/acquired	Anemia/infections/bleeding	Avoid some exposures	Supportive/targeted therapy
892	Myelofibrosis	Abnormal marrow fibrosis	—	JAK-pathway mutations	Enlarged spleen/anemia	—	JAK inhibitors/transplant selected cases
893	Polycythemia vera	JAK2 mutation	—	Myeloproliferative neoplasm	High RBC count, itching, thrombosis	Risk management	Phlebotomy/cytoreduction
894	Essential thrombocythemia	Myeloproliferative neoplasm	—	JAK2/CALR/MPL mutations	High platelets, clotting/bleeding	Risk management	Aspirin/cytoreduction selected
895	Waldenström macroglobulinemia	IgM-producing lymphoplasmacytic cancer	—	Cellular/genetic	Hyperviscosity, fatigue	—	Systemic therapy/plasmapheresis
896	Hairy cell leukemia	B-cell leukemia	—	Genetic/cellular	Low blood counts, enlarged spleen	—	Purine analogues/targeted therapy
897	Acute promyelocytic leukemia	PML-RARA fusion	—	Genetic	Severe bleeding risk	—	ATRA + arsenic/chemotherapy
898	Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia	Myeloid neoplasm	—	Acquired mutations	Monocytosis, anemia, spleen enlargement	—	Supportive/targeted/transplant
899	Castleman disease	Lymphoproliferative disorder	—	HHV-8 or idiopathic immune process	Enlarged nodes, systemic inflammation	—	Type-specific immunotherapy
900	Langerhans cell histiocytosis	Abnormal dendritic cells	—	MAPK-pathway mutations	Bone/skin/lung/multisystem disease	—	Observation, chemotherapy/targeted therapy
#	Disease	Cause / Organism	Vector	Transmission / Origin	Main symptoms	Prevention	Treatment
901	Histiocytosis	Abnormal histiocytes	—	Genetic/cellular	Skin/bone/organ disease	—	Type-specific
902	Erdheim-Chester disease	MAPK-pathway mutations	—	Rare neoplastic disorder	Bone pain, cardiovascular/renal disease	—	Targeted therapy
903	Rosai-Dorfman disease	Histiocytic disorder	—	Immune/genetic	Enlarged lymph nodes, masses	—	Observation/steroids/surgery/systemic therapy
904	Castleman disease	Lymphoid proliferation	—	HHV-8 or idiopathic	Lymph-node enlargement/systemic symptoms	—	Immunotherapy/type-specific
905	Amyloidosis	Amyloid deposition	—	Protein misfolding	Organ dysfunction	Treat underlying cause	Type-specific
906	Sarcomatoid carcinoma	Aggressive epithelial cancer	—	Cellular mutations	Mass/organ-specific symptoms	Risk-factor reduction	Cancer-specific
907	Renal cell carcinoma	Kidney epithelial cancer	—	Genetic/environmental	Blood in urine, pain, mass	Smoking/BP control	Surgery/targeted/immunotherapy
908	Urothelial carcinoma	Urothelial cancer	—	Tobacco/chemical exposure	Hematuria	Smoking cessation	Surgery/immunotherapy/chemotherapy
909	Cholangiocarcinoma	Bile-duct cancer	—	Genetic/environmental/chronic inflammation	Jaundice, abdominal pain	Treat risk conditions	Surgery/systemic therapy
910	Gallbladder cancer	Gallbladder epithelial cancer	—	Genetic/chronic inflammation	Abdominal pain/jaundice	Risk management	Surgery/systemic therapy
911	Esophageal cancer	Esophageal epithelial cancer	—	Tobacco/alcohol/reflux etc.	Difficulty swallowing, weight loss	Tobacco/alcohol reduction	Surgery/chemotherapy/radiation
912	Gastric cancer	Stomach epithelial cancer	—	H. pylori, genetic/environmental	Weight loss, pain, anemia	H. pylori treatment/risk reduction	Surgery/systemic therapy
913	Anal cancer	Usually high-risk HPV	—	Sexual HPV transmission	Bleeding, pain, mass	HPV vaccine/screening	Chemoradiation/surgery
914	Vulvar cancer	HPV and other factors	—	Viral/noninfectious	Vulvar lesion/itching	HPV vaccination	Surgery/radiation
915	Vaginal cancer	HPV/other factors	—	Sexual HPV exposure/other	Bleeding, mass	HPV prevention	Radiation/surgery
916	Penile cancer	HPV/tobacco/other factors	—	Sexual HPV exposure	Penile lesion	HPV vaccination/hygiene	Surgery ± radiation
917	Mesothelioma	Usually asbestos	—	Fiber inhalation	Chest/abdominal disease	Asbestos avoidance	Surgery/systemic therapy
918	Thymoma	Thymic epithelial tumor	—	Cellular	Chest mass, autoimmune association	—	Surgery ± radiation/systemic therapy
919	Testicular seminoma	Germ-cell cancer	—	Cellular/genetic	Testicular mass	—	Surgery ± radiation/chemotherapy
920	Testicular nonseminoma	Germ-cell cancer	—	Cellular/genetic	Testicular mass	—	Surgery/chemotherapy
921	Ovarian germ-cell tumor	Germ-cell cancer	—	Cellular	Pelvic mass/pain	—	Surgery/chemotherapy
922	Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor	Neuroendocrine cells	—	Genetic/cellular	Hormonal/mass symptoms	—	Surgery/systemic therapy
923	Adrenocortical carcinoma	Adrenal cortex cancer	—	Genetic/cellular	Hormonal excess/mass	—	Surgery/systemic therapy
924	Hepatoblastoma	Childhood liver cancer	—	Developmental/genetic	Abdominal mass	—	Surgery/chemotherapy
925	Cholangiocarcinoma	Bile duct malignancy	—	Chronic inflammation/genetic	Jaundice	Risk-factor control	Surgery/systemic
926	Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans	Skin connective-tissue cancer	—	COL1A1-PDGFB alteration	Slow-growing skin mass	—	Wide surgical excision/targeted therapy
927	Merkel cell carcinoma	Neuroendocrine skin cancer	—	UV/polyomavirus association	Fast-growing skin nodule	Sun protection	Surgery/radiation/immunotherapy
928	Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	Malignant T cells	—	Cellular/genetic	Persistent rash/plaques	—	Skin-directed/systemic therapy
929	Mycosis fungoides	Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	—	Cellular	Chronic skin patches/plaques	—	Skin-directed/systemic therapy
930	Sézary syndrome	Advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	—	Cellular	Generalized redness, blood involvement	—	Systemic therapy
931	Basal cell nevus syndrome	PTCH pathway mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple basal cell cancers	Sun protection/genetic counseling	Dermatologic/surgical treatment
932	Xeroderma pigmentosum	DNA repair defect	—	Genetic	Extreme UV sensitivity, skin cancers	Strict UV protection	Lesion removal/cancer surveillance
933	Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	STK11 mutation	—	Genetic	GI polyps, pigmentation	Genetic surveillance	Polyp/cancer management
934	Gardner syndrome	APC mutation	—	Genetic	Polyposis, bone/soft-tissue tumors	Genetic screening	Surveillance/surgery
935	Cowden syndrome	PTEN mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple hamartomas/cancer risk	Genetic surveillance	Screening/risk management
936	MEN type 1	MEN1 mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple endocrine tumors	Genetic screening	Tumor-specific treatment
937	MEN type 2	RET mutation	—	Genetic	Medullary thyroid/adrenal tumors	Genetic screening	Prophylactic/therapeutic surgery
938	Neurofibromatosis type 1	NF1 mutation	—	Genetic	Neurofibromas, pigment changes	Genetic counseling	Monitoring/targeted therapy
939	Neurofibromatosis type 2	NF2 mutation	—	Genetic	Schwannomas/meningiomas	Genetic counseling	Monitoring/surgery/targeted treatment
940	Tuberous sclerosis complex	TSC1/TSC2	—	Genetic	Brain/kidney/skin tumors	Genetic counseling	Antiseizure/targeted therapy
941	Von Hippel-Lindau disease	VHL mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple tumors	Genetic surveillance	Surgery/targeted treatment
942	Familial adenomatous polyposis	APC mutation	—	Genetic	Hundreds of colon polyps	Screening	Surveillance/colectomy
943	Lynch syndrome	Mismatch-repair gene mutation	—	Genetic	Colorectal/endometrial cancers	Genetic testing/surveillance	Cancer prevention/treatment
944	Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer	CDH1 mutation	—	Genetic	Gastric/lobular breast cancer risk	Genetic counseling	Intensive surveillance/prophylactic surgery selected
945	Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome	BRCA1/2	—	Genetic	Breast/ovarian and related cancers	Genetic counseling/screening	Risk-reduction/cancer therapy
946	Li-Fraumeni syndrome	TP53 mutation	—	Genetic	Multiple early cancers	Genetic surveillance	Cancer-specific
947	Bloom syndrome	BLM mutation	—	Genetic	Growth deficiency, sun sensitivity, cancer risk	Genetic counseling/UV protection	Supportive/cancer care
948	Fanconi anemia	DNA repair defects	—	Genetic	Bone-marrow failure, congenital anomalies	Genetic counseling	Transfusion/support/stem-cell transplant
949	Ataxia-telangiectasia	ATM mutation	—	Genetic	Ataxia, immune deficiency	Genetic counseling	Supportive
950	Cockayne syndrome	DNA repair defects	—	Genetic	Growth failure, neurological/UV sensitivity	Genetic counseling/UV protection	Supportive
951	Werner syndrome	WRN mutation	—	Genetic	Premature aging features	Genetic counseling	Supportive
952	Hutchinson-Gilford progeria	LMNA mutation	—	Genetic	Premature aging	Genetic counseling	Specialist/supportive therapy
953	Rett syndrome	MECP2 mutation	—	Genetic	Developmental regression	—	Supportive
954	Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome	Cholesterol synthesis defect	—	Genetic	Developmental/congenital abnormalities	Prenatal/genetic screening	Cholesterol supplementation/support
955	Prader-Willi syndrome	Chromosome 15 imprinting	—	Genetic	Hyperphagia, developmental/endocrine issues	Nutritional control	Growth hormone/endocrine care
956	Angelman syndrome	UBE3A dysfunction	—	Genetic	Developmental delay, seizures	Genetic counseling	Supportive/antiseizure
957	Williams syndrome	7q11.23 deletion	—	Genetic	Cardiovascular/developmental features	Genetic counseling	Cardiac/developmental care
958	Cri-du-chat syndrome	5p deletion	—	Chromosomal	Developmental delay, characteristic cry	Genetic counseling	Supportive
959	DiGeorge syndrome	22q11.2 deletion	—	Genetic	Heart/immune/calcium abnormalities	Genetic counseling	Organ-specific treatment
960	Noonan syndrome	RAS/MAPK mutations	—	Genetic	Short stature, heart defects	Genetic counseling	Cardiac/endocrine care
961	Achondroplasia	FGFR3 mutation	—	Genetic	Short-limb stature	Genetic counseling	Supportive/targeted therapy
962	Osteogenesis imperfecta	Collagen mutations	—	Genetic	Fragile bones	Genetic counseling	Fracture prevention/treatment
963	Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	Connective-tissue gene defects	—	Genetic	Joint hypermobility, fragile tissues	Genetic counseling	Supportive
964	Marfan syndrome	FBN1 mutation	—	Genetic	Aortic/eye/skeletal abnormalities	Genetic surveillance	BP medicines/surgery when indicated
965	Alport syndrome	COL4A mutations	—	Genetic	Kidney/hearing/eye disease	Genetic counseling	Kidney protection
966	Fabry disease	Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency	—	Genetic	Kidney/heart/nerve disease	Genetic testing	Enzyme/chaperone therapy
967	Gaucher disease	Glucocerebrosidase deficiency	—	Genetic	Liver/spleen/bone disease	Genetic counseling	Enzyme replacement
968	Pompe disease	Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency	—	Genetic	Muscle/heart disease	Newborn/genetic screening	Enzyme replacement
969	Tay-Sachs disease	Hexosaminidase A deficiency	—	Genetic	Progressive neurological disease	Carrier screening	Supportive
970	Niemann-Pick disease	Lipid-storage disorders	—	Genetic	Neurological/liver/spleen disease	Genetic counseling	Type-specific therapy
971	Krabbe disease	Galactocerebrosidase deficiency	—	Genetic	Severe neurological degeneration	Newborn screening	Stem-cell therapy selected cases/support
972	Metachromatic leukodystrophy	Arylsulfatase A deficiency	—	Genetic	Progressive neurological disease	Genetic screening	Gene/stem-cell therapy selected cases
973	Adrenoleukodystrophy	ABCD1 mutation	—	X-linked	Brain/adrenal disease	Newborn screening	Steroid replacement; stem-cell/gene therapy selected
974	Canavan disease	ASPA mutation	—	Genetic	Developmental/neurological disease	Carrier screening	Supportive
975	Rett syndrome	MECP2	—	Genetic	Developmental regression	—	Supportive
976	Spinal muscular atrophy	SMN1 mutation	—	Genetic	Motor weakness	Newborn screening	Gene/nusinersen/risdiplam therapies
977	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	DMD mutation	—	X-linked	Progressive muscle weakness	Genetic counseling	Steroids/gene-targeted therapy
978	Becker muscular dystrophy	DMD mutation	—	X-linked	Muscle weakness	Genetic counseling	Supportive/disease-modifying
979	Myotonic dystrophy	DMPK mutation	—	Autosomal dominant	Myotonia, muscle weakness	Genetic counseling	Symptom management
980	Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy	DUX4-related genetic disorder	—	Genetic	Face/shoulder/arm weakness	Genetic counseling	Supportive/rehabilitation
981	Friedreich ataxia	FXN mutation	—	Genetic	Ataxia, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy	Genetic counseling	Supportive/targeted therapy
982	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease	Peripheral nerve gene disorders	—	Genetic	Distal weakness, sensory loss	Genetic counseling	Rehabilitation/orthotics
983	Hereditary spastic paraplegia	Many genetic causes	—	Genetic	Progressive leg stiffness/weakness	Genetic counseling	Physiotherapy/medications
984	Wilson disease	ATP7B mutation	—	Genetic	Copper accumulation	Family screening	Chelation/zinc
985	Hemochromatosis	Iron overload	—	Genetic/acquired	Liver/heart/endocrine disease	Screening	Phlebotomy
986	Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	SERPINA1 mutation	—	Genetic	Lung/liver disease	Avoid smoking	Supportive/augmentation selected
987	Cystic fibrosis	CFTR mutation	—	Genetic	Lung/digestive disease	Genetic/newborn screening	CFTR modulators + supportive therapy
988	Primary ciliary dyskinesia	Ciliary gene defects	—	Genetic	Recurrent respiratory infections	Infection prevention	Airway clearance/antibiotics
989	Kartagener syndrome	Primary ciliary dyskinesia + situs inversus	—	Genetic	Sinus/lung disease, infertility	Infection prevention	Airway clearance/antibiotics
990	Hereditary pancreatitis	PRSS1/other mutations	—	Genetic	Recurrent pancreatitis	Avoid triggers/alcohol	Pancreatitis treatment
991	Familial hypercholesterolemia	LDL pathway mutation	—	Genetic	Very high LDL	Family screening	Statins/other lipid therapy
992	Long QT syndrome	Cardiac ion-channel mutations	—	Genetic	Fainting/arrhythmias	Avoid triggers/drugs; screening	Beta-blockers/ICD selected
993	Brugada syndrome	Sodium-channel/cardiac electrical disorder	—	Genetic	Dangerous arrhythmias/syncope	Fever/drug precautions	ICD in high-risk cases
994	Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy	Desmosomal mutations	—	Genetic	Arrhythmias/cardiomyopathy	Family screening	Exercise restriction/medicines/ICD
995	Familial dilated cardiomyopathy	Various cardiac genes	—	Genetic	Heart failure/arrhythmia	Family screening	Heart-failure therapy
996	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Sarcomere mutations	—	Genetic	Thickened heart muscle, arrhythmia	Family screening	Medicines/ICD/surgery selected
997	Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia	Calcium-handling gene mutations	—	Genetic	Exercise-triggered fainting/arrhythmia	Avoid strenuous triggers	Beta-blockers/ICD selected
998	Familial Mediterranean fever	MEFV mutation	—	Genetic	Recurrent fever/serositis	Genetic counseling	Colchicine
999	Periodic fever syndrome	Autoinflammatory gene mutations	—	Genetic	Recurrent fever/inflammation	Genetic counseling	Targeted anti-inflammatory therapy
1000	Multisystem inflammatory disease	Immune/autoinflammatory disorders	—	Immune-mediated	Fever and multiple-organ inflammation	Cause-specific	Specialist immunomodulatory treatment
#	Disease / Condition	Cause / Organism	Transmission / Origin	Main Features	Prevention / Treatment
1001	Acute bacterial meningitis	S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, others	Respiratory/contact	Fever, headache, neck stiffness	Vaccination; urgent antibiotics
1002	Meningococcal meningitis	N. meningitidis	Respiratory droplets	Meningitis, petechial rash	Vaccine; antibiotics
1003	Pneumococcal meningitis	S. pneumoniae	Respiratory spread	Fever, meningitis	Pneumococcal vaccine; antibiotics
1004	Tuberculous meningitis	M. tuberculosis	Airborne TB infection	Subacute meningitis, cranial nerve signs	TB prevention; multidrug therapy
1005	Cryptococcal meningitis	Cryptococcus	Environmental inhalation/opportunistic	Headache, fever, raised ICP	Antifungal therapy
1006	Brain abscess	Bacteria/fungi/parasites	Spread from infection/blood	Headache, fever, focal deficits	Antibiotics ± drainage
1007	Subdural empyema	Bacteria	Spread from infection	Fever, headache, neurological deficits	Surgery + antibiotics
1008	Epidural abscess	Bacteria, often S. aureus	Blood/spinal infection	Back pain, weakness	Emergency antibiotics/surgery
1009	Neurocysticercosis	Taenia solium larvae	Fecal-oral eggs	Seizures, headache	Sanitation; antiparasitic therapy
1010	Cerebral malaria	P. falciparum	Anopheles mosquito	Coma, seizures, fever	Mosquito prevention; urgent antimalarial
1011	Guillain-Barré syndrome	Immune-mediated	Often post-infectious	Ascending weakness	IVIG/plasma exchange
1012	Miller Fisher syndrome	Immune-mediated	Often post-infectious	Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia	IVIG/plasma exchange
1013	Multiple sclerosis	Autoimmune CNS disease	Immune/genetic factors	Relapsing neurological deficits	Disease-modifying therapy
1014	Neuromyelitis optica	AQP4-IgG autoimmune disease	Autoimmune	Optic neuritis, myelitis	Immunotherapy
1015	MOG-associated disease	MOG antibodies	Autoimmune	Optic neuritis/brain inflammation	Steroids/immunotherapy
1016	Transverse myelitis	Inflammatory spinal cord disease	Autoimmune/post-infectious	Weakness, sensory loss, bladder dysfunction	Steroids/plasma exchange
1017	Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis	Immune-mediated	Often post-infectious	Encephalopathy + deficits	High-dose steroids
1018	Myasthenia gravis	AChR/MuSK autoantibodies	Autoimmune	Fatigable weakness	Pyridostigmine/immunotherapy
1019	Lambert-Eaton syndrome	VGCC antibodies	Autoimmune/paraneoplastic	Proximal weakness, autonomic symptoms	Treat cause/immunotherapy
1020	Guillain-Barré respiratory failure	Severe GBS	Post-infectious immune	Respiratory muscle paralysis	ICU ventilation + immunotherapy
1021	Parkinson disease	Neurodegeneration	Multifactorial	Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia	Levodopa and other therapies
1022	Huntington disease	HTT CAG expansion	Autosomal dominant	Chorea, psychiatric/cognitive decline	Symptomatic/genetic counseling
1023	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Motor neuron degeneration	Sporadic/genetic	Progressive weakness	Multidisciplinary care
1024	Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy	Androgen receptor mutation	X-linked	Weakness, bulbar symptoms	Supportive/endocrine care
1025	Progressive supranuclear palsy	Neurodegeneration	Sporadic	Falls, vertical gaze palsy	Supportive
1026	Multiple system atrophy	Neurodegeneration	Sporadic	Parkinsonism/autonomic failure	Supportive
1027	Lewy body dementia	Alpha-synuclein disease	Neurodegenerative	Dementia, hallucinations, fluctuations	Symptomatic treatment
1028	Frontotemporal dementia	Neurodegeneration	Genetic/sporadic	Behavior/language changes	Supportive
1029	Vascular dementia	Cerebrovascular disease	Multiple strokes/small vessel disease	Cognitive decline	Vascular risk control
1030	Normal-pressure hydrocephalus	CSF circulation disorder	Various	Gait, cognition, urinary symptoms	Shunt in selected cases
1031	Essential tremor	Neurological disorder	Genetic/sporadic	Action tremor	Propranolol/primidone; procedures
1032	Dystonia	Motor network disorder	Genetic/acquired	Sustained abnormal movements	Botulinum toxin/medications
1033	Tourette syndrome	Neurodevelopmental	Genetic/environmental	Motor and vocal tics	Behavioral therapy/medications
1034	Restless legs syndrome	Neurological disorder	Genetic/iron-related	Urge to move legs	Iron correction/medications
1035	Narcolepsy	Orexin deficiency	Autoimmune/genetic factors	Daytime sleepiness/cataplexy	Wake-promoting therapy
1036	Obstructive sleep apnea	Upper-airway collapse	Obesity/anatomy etc.	Snoring, apnea, daytime sleepiness	Weight management/CPAP
1037	Central sleep apnea	Abnormal respiratory drive	Cardiac/neurological/drug causes	Pauses in breathing	Treat cause/positive airway therapy
1038	Insomnia disorder	Sleep regulation disorder	Stress/medical/psychiatric	Difficulty sleeping	Sleep therapy/CBT-I
1039	REM sleep behavior disorder	REM atonia failure	Neurodegenerative association	Acting out dreams	Safety/melatonin etc.
1040	Cluster headache	Trigeminal autonomic disorder	Neurological	Severe unilateral orbital pain	Oxygen/triptans; prevention
1041	Migraine with aura	Neurovascular disorder	Genetic/environmental	Headache + visual/sensory aura	Trigger management/acute & preventive therapy
1042	Chronic migraine	Migraine disorder	Neurological	≥15 headache days/month	Preventive therapy
1043	Tension-type headache	Primary headache	Multifactorial	Bilateral pressure-like headache	Analgesics/prevention
1044	Trigeminal neuralgia	Trigeminal nerve disorder	Compression/demyelination	Electric-shock facial pain	Carbamazepine/procedures
1045	Bell palsy	Facial nerve palsy	Often HSV-associated	Acute facial weakness	Steroids ± antivirals
1046	Ménière disease	Inner-ear fluid disorder	Multifactorial	Vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus	Salt reduction/medications
1047	Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo	Otolith displacement	Inner ear	Brief positional vertigo	Canalith repositioning
1048	Vestibular neuritis	Vestibular nerve inflammation	Often viral	Acute vertigo	Vestibular rehab/medications
1049	Labyrinthitis	Inner-ear inflammation	Viral/bacterial	Vertigo + hearing symptoms	Cause-specific treatment
1050	Acoustic neuritis	Vestibular nerve inflammation	Inflammatory/infectious	Hearing/vestibular symptoms	Cause-specific
#	Disease / Condition	Cause / Organism	Transmission / Origin	Main Features	Prevention / Treatment
1051	Acute otitis media	Bacteria/viruses	Respiratory infection	Ear pain, fever	Vaccination; analgesia ± antibiotics
1052	Otitis externa	Bacteria/fungi	Water/trauma	Ear canal pain	Ear protection; topical treatment
1053	Mastoiditis	Usually bacterial	Complication of otitis media	Ear pain, swelling	Antibiotics ± surgery
1054	Cholesteatoma	Keratinizing epithelial lesion	Chronic ear disease	Hearing loss, discharge	Surgical treatment
1055	Chronic suppurative otitis media	Bacteria	Chronic middle-ear infection	Persistent ear discharge	Ear care/antibiotics ± surgery
1056	Acute sinusitis	Viral/bacterial	Respiratory infection	Facial pain, nasal discharge	Supportive ± antibiotics
1057	Chronic rhinosinusitis	Inflammatory/infectious	Nasal/sinus disease	Congestion, facial pressure	Saline/steroids ± surgery
1058	Nasal polyposis	Chronic inflammation	Allergic/inflammatory	Nasal obstruction	Intranasal steroids/surgery
1059	Allergic rhinitis	IgE-mediated allergy	Environmental allergens	Sneezing, rhinorrhea	Allergen control/antihistamines
1060	Deviated nasal septum	Structural	Trauma/development	Nasal obstruction	Medical therapy/surgery
1061	Laryngitis	Viral/irritant	Respiratory/contact	Hoarseness	Voice rest/supportive
1062	Epistaxis	Vascular/nasal causes	Trauma, dryness, hypertension etc.	Nosebleed	Pressure; cautery if needed
1063	Vocal cord nodules	Voice overuse	Mechanical	Hoarseness	Voice therapy
1064	Vocal cord polyps	Voice trauma	Mechanical/smoking	Hoarseness	Voice therapy/surgery
1065	Laryngeal papillomatosis	HPV 6/11	Respiratory/perinatal	Recurrent airway papillomas	Surgical treatment ± antiviral
1066	Oral candidiasis	Candida	Overgrowth	White oral plaques	Oral hygiene; antifungal
1067	Aphthous ulcers	Immune/inflammatory	Noninfectious	Painful oral ulcers	Symptomatic/topical steroids
1068	Oral leukoplakia	Mucosal keratosis	Tobacco/irritants	White oral patch	Remove risks; biopsy
1069	Oral lichen planus	Immune-mediated	Autoimmune-associated	White/erosive oral lesions	Topical steroids
1070	Oral submucous fibrosis	Areca nut-associated fibrosis	Chronic chewing exposure	Reduced mouth opening	Stop areca nut; treatment/rehab
1071	Dental caries	Acidogenic oral bacteria	Plaque/diet	Tooth destruction	Fluoride/oral hygiene; restorations
1072	Gingivitis	Dental plaque bacteria	Poor oral hygiene	Bleeding gums	Oral hygiene/scaling
1073	Periodontitis	Polymicrobial biofilm	Dental plaque	Gum/bone destruction	Dental treatment
1074	Dental abscess	Oral bacteria	Tooth infection	Tooth pain/swelling	Drainage + dental treatment
1075	Pericoronitis	Oral bacteria	Impacted tooth	Gum pain/swelling	Dental treatment
1076	Pulpitis	Dental pulp inflammation	Caries/trauma	Severe toothache	Dental treatment/root canal
1077	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	Malignant epithelial cells	Tobacco/alcohol/HPV risks	Oral ulcer/mass	Tobacco cessation; surgery/oncology
1078	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Epithelial cancer, EBV association	Genetic/environmental	Neck mass, nasal symptoms	Risk reduction; radiotherapy
1079	Laryngeal carcinoma	Squamous cell cancer	Tobacco/alcohol	Hoarseness	Tobacco cessation; oncology
1080	Oropharyngeal cancer	Often HPV-related	HPV/tobacco	Throat mass/neck nodes	HPV vaccination; oncology
#	Disease / Condition	Cause / Organism	Transmission / Origin	Main Features	Prevention / Treatment
1081	GERD	Reflux of gastric contents	Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction	Heartburn/regurgitation	Lifestyle; acid suppression
1082	Barrett esophagus	Chronic GERD-related metaplasia	Long-term reflux	Increased esophageal cancer risk	GERD control/surveillance
1083	Achalasia	Esophageal motility disorder	Myenteric nerve dysfunction	Dysphagia/regurgitation	Pneumatic dilation/POEM/surgery
1084	Esophageal spasm	Motility disorder	Abnormal contractions	Chest pain/dysphagia	Smooth-muscle therapy/POEM selected
1085	Peptic ulcer disease	H. pylori/NSAIDs	Infection/drugs	Epigastric pain/bleeding	H. pylori eradication/PPI
1086	Gastritis	H. pylori, NSAIDs, autoimmune	Infection/drugs/immune	Epigastric pain	Remove cause/PPI
1087	Autoimmune gastritis	Autoimmune parietal-cell injury	Autoimmune	B12 deficiency	B12 replacement
1088	Atrophic gastritis	Chronic inflammation	H. pylori/autoimmune	Gastric atrophy	Treat cause/surveillance
1089	Gastroparesis	Delayed gastric emptying	Diabetes/surgery/idiopathic	Nausea, early satiety	Diet/prokinetics
1090	Dumping syndrome	Rapid gastric emptying	Post-gastric surgery	Cramping, diarrhea, vasomotor symptoms	Dietary modification
1091	Celiac disease	Gluten-triggered autoimmunity	Genetic/environmental	Diarrhea, malabsorption	Lifelong gluten-free diet
1092	Tropical sprue	Malabsorption disorder	Possibly infectious	Diarrhea/weight loss	Antibiotics + folate/nutrition
1093	Whipple disease	Tropheryma whipplei	Bacterial infection	Diarrhea, weight loss, arthralgia	Prolonged antibiotics
1094	Lactose intolerance	Lactase deficiency	Genetic/acquired	Bloating/diarrhea after dairy	Lactose reduction
1095	Fructose malabsorption	Carbohydrate malabsorption	GI functional	Bloating/diarrhea	Dietary modification
1096	Short bowel syndrome	Loss of small intestine	Surgery/disease	Malabsorption/diarrhea	Nutrition/intestinal rehabilitation
1097	Intestinal pseudo-obstruction	Motility disorder	Neuromuscular disease	Obstruction symptoms without blockage	Nutritional/medical management
1098	Hirschsprung disease	Enteric ganglion absence	Congenital	Neonatal obstruction/constipation	Surgical pull-through
1099	Intussusception	Bowel telescoping	Often childhood infection/lead point	Colicky pain, bloody stool	Air/contrast reduction
1100	Volvulus	Bowel twisting	Anatomical/motility	Obstruction/ischemia	Urgent decompression/surgery
#	Disease / Condition	Cause / Organism	Transmission / Origin	Main Features	Prevention / Treatment
1101	Appendicitis	Luminal obstruction/inflammation	Usually fecalith etc.	Right lower abdominal pain	Appendectomy ± antibiotics
1102	Diverticulosis	Colonic diverticula	Age/diet factors	Often asymptomatic	Fiber/lifestyle
1103	Diverticulitis	Inflamed diverticulum	Complication of diverticulosis	LLQ pain, fever	Antibiotics selected; drainage/surgery if complicated
1104	Ulcerative colitis	Immune-mediated IBD	Genetic/environmental	Bloody diarrhea	5-ASA/steroids/biologics/surgery
1105	Crohn disease	Immune-mediated IBD	Genetic/environmental	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fistula	Immunomodulators/biologics/surgery
1106	Microscopic colitis	Immune/inflammatory	Multifactorial	Chronic watery diarrhea	Stop triggers/budesonide
1107	Ischemic colitis	Reduced colonic blood flow	Vascular disease	Abdominal pain, bloody stool	Supportive/revascularization/surgery
1108	Mesenteric ischemia	Arterial/venous insufficiency	Vascular disease	Severe abdominal pain	Emergency revascularization/surgery
1109	C. difficile colitis	C. difficile toxin	Antibiotic-associated	Watery diarrhea	Antibiotic stewardship; specific therapy
1110	Protein-losing enteropathy	GI mucosal/lymphatic disease	Multiple causes	Edema, low albumin	Treat underlying cause
1111	Hemorrhoids	Dilated anorectal veins	Straining/pregnancy etc.	Bleeding, itching	Fiber; procedures if needed
1112	Anal fissure	Anal mucosal tear	Hard stool/trauma	Severe pain during defecation	Fiber/stool softening/topical therapy
1113	Anal fistula	Chronic anorectal tract	Abscess/Crohn disease	Discharge near anus	Surgical management
1114	Perianal abscess	Bacterial infection	Anorectal glands	Severe pain/swelling	Urgent drainage
1115	Pilonidal disease	Hair/debris sinus	Sacrococcygeal skin	Pain/drainage	Hygiene; drainage/excision
1116	Acute pancreatitis	Gallstones/alcohol etc.	Noninfectious	Severe epigastric pain	Treat cause/supportive care
1117	Chronic pancreatitis	Alcohol/genetic/obstruction	Repeated injury	Pain, malabsorption	Stop causes; enzymes/interventions
1118	Pancreatic pseudocyst	Post-pancreatitis collection	Pancreatic inflammation	Pain/fullness	Observation/drainage
1119	Autoimmune pancreatitis	IgG4-related/immune	Autoimmune	Pancreatic enlargement/jaundice	Steroids
1120	Acute liver failure	Viral/drug/autoimmune etc.	Multiple causes	Jaundice, encephalopathy	Emergency specialist care/transplant
1121	Alcohol-associated liver disease	Chronic alcohol	Toxic injury	Steatosis/hepatitis/cirrhosis	Abstinence; medical treatment
1122	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease	Metabolic dysfunction	Obesity/diabetes etc.	Fatty liver	Weight/metabolic management
1123	Autoimmune hepatitis	Autoantibodies	Autoimmune	Hepatitis/cirrhosis	Steroids/immunosuppression
1124	Primary biliary cholangitis	Autoimmune bile-duct injury	Autoimmune	Cholestasis/pruritus	Ursodeoxycholic acid/other therapy
1125	Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Bile-duct inflammation/fibrosis	Immune-associated	Cholestasis/strictures	Monitoring/transplant when advanced
1126	Budd-Chiari syndrome	Hepatic venous obstruction	Thrombosis	Abdominal pain, hepatomegaly	Anticoagulation/intervention
1127	Hepatorenal syndrome	Cirrhosis-related renal dysfunction	Advanced liver disease	Kidney failure	Albumin/vasoconstrictors/transplant
1128	Hepatic encephalopathy	Toxin accumulation in liver failure	Advanced liver disease	Confusion/asterixis	Lactulose/rifaximin; treat trigger
1129	Portal hypertension	Increased portal pressure	Cirrhosis/thrombosis	Varices, splenomegaly	Treat cause; beta-blocker/endoscopy
1130	Esophageal varices	Portal hypertension	Liver disease	GI bleeding	Screening/banding/beta-blockers
1131	Nephrotic syndrome	Glomerular diseases	Immune/metabolic etc.	Heavy proteinuria, edema	Cause-specific treatment
1132	Nephritic syndrome	Glomerular inflammation	Immune/infectious	Hematuria, hypertension	Cause-specific treatment
1133	IgA nephropathy	IgA immune deposits	Immune/genetic	Hematuria/proteinuria	BP control; immunotherapy selected
1134	Minimal change disease	Podocyte dysfunction	Immune-associated	Nephrotic syndrome	Steroids
1135	FSGS	Glomerular scarring	Primary/secondary/genetic	Proteinuria	Cause-specific; immunotherapy selected
1136	Membranous nephropathy	Immune complexes/PLA2R	Autoimmune/secondary	Nephrotic syndrome	Risk-based immunotherapy
1137	Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis	Immune response to GAS	After strep infection	Hematuria/edema	Treat infection/support
1138	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis	Severe glomerular inflammation	Autoimmune/infectious	Rapid kidney failure	Emergency immunosuppression
1139	Diabetic nephropathy	Diabetes-related kidney damage	Chronic hyperglycemia	Albuminuria/CKD	Glycemic/BP control
1140	Hypertensive nephrosclerosis	Chronic hypertension	Vascular injury	Progressive CKD	BP control
1141	Acute interstitial nephritis	Drug/infection/immune	Hypersensitivity	AKI, rash sometimes	Stop cause/steroids selected
1142	Acute tubular necrosis	Ischemia/toxins	Kidney injury	AKI	Supportive/treat cause
1143	Chronic kidney disease	Multiple renal diseases	Progressive kidney damage	Reduced kidney function	Cause control; dialysis/transplant
1144	Acute kidney injury	Multiple causes	Acute renal insult	Creatinine rise/oliguria	Treat cause/support
1145	Polycystic kidney disease	PKD1/PKD2	Genetic	Enlarged kidneys/cysts	BP control; disease-specific therapy
1146	Medullary cystic kidney disease	Genetic tubulointerstitial disease	Genetic	CKD, concentrating defect	Supportive/transplant
1147	Renal tubular acidosis	Tubular acidification defect	Autoimmune/genetic/drug etc.	Metabolic acidosis	Alkali/cause-specific
1148	Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus	ADH resistance	Lithium/genetic etc.	Polyuria/polydipsia	Remove cause/thiazide etc.
1149	Central diabetes insipidus	ADH deficiency	Pituitary/hypothalamic	Polyuria/polydipsia	Desmopressin/cause treatment
1150	SIADH	Excess ADH	CNS/lung/drugs etc.	Hyponatremia	Fluid restriction/cause-specific
#	Disease / Condition	Cause / Organism	Transmission / Origin	Main Features	Prevention / Treatment
1151	Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Autoimmune β-cell destruction	Genetic/environmental	Hyperglycemia, ketosis	Insulin
1152	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Insulin resistance/β-cell dysfunction	Genetic/metabolic	Hyperglycemia	Lifestyle + glucose-lowering drugs
1153	Gestational diabetes	Pregnancy-related insulin resistance	Pregnancy	Maternal/fetal complications	Screening; diet/insulin as needed
1154	Diabetic ketoacidosis	Severe insulin deficiency	Diabetes	Acidosis, ketosis	Emergency fluids/insulin
1155	Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state	Severe hyperglycemia	Usually type 2 DM	Dehydration/altered sensorium	Emergency fluids/insulin
1156	Hypoglycemia	Low blood glucose	Diabetes drugs/endocrine etc.	Sweating, confusion, seizures	Glucose; treat cause
1157	Hyperthyroidism	Graves/toxic nodules	Autoimmune/nodular	Weight loss, tremor, tachycardia	Antithyroid drugs/radioiodine/surgery
1158	Hypothyroidism	Hashimoto/iodine deficiency etc.	Autoimmune/nutritional	Fatigue, weight gain	Levothyroxine
1159	Hashimoto thyroiditis	Autoimmune	Immune	Hypothyroidism/goiter	Levothyroxine when hypothyroid
1160	Graves disease	TSH-receptor antibodies	Autoimmune	Hyperthyroidism/eye disease	Antithyroid/radioiodine/surgery
1161	Thyroid storm	Severe thyrotoxicosis	Hyperthyroidism trigger	Fever, tachycardia, delirium	ICU antithyroid therapy
1162	Myxedema coma	Severe hypothyroidism	Untreated hypothyroidism	Hypothermia, altered consciousness	Emergency thyroid hormone/support
1163	Primary hyperparathyroidism	Parathyroid adenoma/hyperplasia	Sporadic/genetic	Hypercalcemia, stones	Surgery selected
1164	Hypoparathyroidism	Low PTH	Surgery/autoimmune/genetic	Hypocalcemia, tetany	Calcium/vitamin D
1165	Hyperparathyroid crisis	Severe hypercalcemia	Hyperparathyroidism	Dehydration/confusion	Emergency fluids + treatment
1166	Cushing syndrome	Excess cortisol	Steroids/tumor	Obesity, hypertension, weakness	Remove cause/medical therapy
1167	Addison disease	Adrenal insufficiency	Autoimmune/infection	Weight loss, hypotension, pigmentation	Lifelong glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid
1168	Adrenal crisis	Acute cortisol deficiency	Addison/steroid withdrawal	Shock, vomiting	Emergency hydrocortisone/fluids
1169	Conn syndrome	Aldosterone-producing adenoma/hyperplasia	Adrenal	Hypertension, hypokalemia	Surgery/aldosterone blockade
1170	Congenital adrenal hyperplasia	CYP21A2 etc.	Genetic	Virilization/salt wasting	Steroid replacement
1171	Acromegaly	Growth hormone excess	Pituitary adenoma	Enlarged hands/face	Surgery/medical therapy
1172	Gigantism	GH excess before epiphyseal closure	Pituitary	Excessive height	Tumor treatment
1173	Growth hormone deficiency	GH deficiency	Congenital/acquired	Short stature	GH in selected patients
1174	Prolactinoma	Prolactin-secreting adenoma	Pituitary	Galactorrhea/amenorrhea	Dopamine agonist
1175	Panhypopituitarism	Multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies	Tumor/surgery/immune etc.	Multiple endocrine deficiencies	Hormone replacement
1176	Diabetes insipidus	ADH disorder	Central/nephrogenic	Polyuria/polydipsia	Cause-specific
1177	MEN syndrome	Genetic endocrine tumor syndromes	MEN1/RET etc.	Multiple endocrine tumors	Genetic screening/surveillance
1178	Osteoporosis	Low bone density	Aging/hormonal/drugs	Fragility fractures	Calcium/vitamin D/exercise; drugs
1179	Osteomalacia	Poor bone mineralization	Vitamin D/phosphate deficiency	Bone pain/weakness	Vitamin D/mineral replacement
1180	Rickets	Defective bone mineralization	Vitamin D/phosphate deficiency	Skeletal deformity	Vitamin D/mineral replacement
1181	Gout	Monosodium urate crystals	Hyperuricemia	Acute arthritis	Urate lowering/anti-inflammatory
1182	Pseudogout	CPPD crystals	Crystal deposition	Acute arthritis	NSAIDs/colchicine
1183	Rheumatoid arthritis	Autoimmune	Immune/genetic	Symmetric inflammatory arthritis	DMARDs/biologics
1184	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Autoimmune	Immune/genetic	Multisystem inflammation	Hydroxychloroquine/immunosuppression
1185	Systemic sclerosis	Autoimmune fibrosis	Immune/genetic	Skin thickening/organ fibrosis	Organ-specific immunotherapy
1186	Sjögren syndrome	Autoimmune exocrine disease	Immune	Dry eyes/mouth	Lubricants/immunomodulation
1187	Dermatomyositis	Autoimmune muscle/skin disease	Immune	Proximal weakness/rash	Immunosuppression
1188	Polymyositis	Immune myopathy	Autoimmune	Proximal weakness	Immunosuppression
1189	Polymyalgia rheumatica	Inflammatory disease	Immune/age-related	Shoulder/hip stiffness	Glucocorticoids
1190	Giant cell arteritis	Large-vessel vasculitis	Immune	Headache, jaw pain, visual risk	Urgent steroids
1191	Takayasu arteritis	Large-vessel vasculitis	Autoimmune	Young patient, pulse deficits	Immunosuppression
1192	Polyarteritis nodosa	Medium-vessel vasculitis	Immune; HBV association	Systemic/renal/nerve symptoms	Immunosuppression
1193	Granulomatosis with polyangiitis	ANCA-associated vasculitis	Autoimmune	ENT/lung/kidney disease	Immunosuppression
1194	Microscopic polyangiitis	ANCA-associated vasculitis	Autoimmune	Kidney/lung disease	Immunosuppression
1195	Behçet disease	Systemic inflammatory disease	Immune/genetic	Oral/genital ulcers, eye disease	Immunomodulation
1196	Antiphospholipid syndrome	Autoantibodies	Autoimmune	Thrombosis/pregnancy morbidity	Anticoagulation
1197	Mixed connective tissue disease	Autoimmune	Anti-U1 RNP	Raynaud/arthritis/organ disease	Immunosuppression
1198	Undifferentiated connective tissue disease	Autoimmune	Immune	Variable connective-tissue symptoms	Monitoring/symptom treatment
1199	Raynaud phenomenon	Vasospasm	Primary/secondary	Finger color changes with cold/stress	Avoid triggers/vasodilators
1200	Chronic fatigue syndrome / ME	Complex multisystem condition	Multifactorial	Post-exertional malaise, fatigue	Pacing/symptom management

Diseases and Medical Conditions: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

Diseases FAQ With Answers

1. Malaria

Q1. What causes malaria?
Answer: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species.

Q2. What is the vector for malaria?
Answer: Female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Q3. How is malaria transmitted?
Answer: It is transmitted through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms of malaria?
Answer: Fever, chills, and sweating.

Q5. How can malaria be prevented?
Answer: Use mosquito nets, repellents, and vector-control measures.

Q6. How is malaria treated?
Answer: Malaria is treated with antimalarial drugs.

2. Dengue

Q1. What causes dengue?
Answer: Dengue is caused by the dengue virus.

Q2. What is the vector for dengue?
Answer: Aedes mosquitoes.

Q3. How is dengue transmitted?
Answer: It is transmitted through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms of dengue?
Answer: Fever, headache, and muscle or joint pain.

Q5. How can dengue be prevented?
Answer: Remove standing water and use mosquito repellents.

Q6. How is dengue treated?
Answer: Treatment is mainly supportive; severe cases need hospital care.

3. Chikungunya

Q1. What causes chikungunya?
Answer: Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus.

Q2. What is the vector for chikungunya?
Answer: Aedes mosquitoes.

Q3. How is chikungunya transmitted?
Answer: It is transmitted through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms of chikungunya?
Answer: Fever and severe joint pain.

Q5. How can chikungunya be prevented?
Answer: Through mosquito-control measures.

Q6. How is chikungunya treated?
Answer: Treatment is supportive care.

4. Zika

Q1. What causes Zika?
Answer: Zika is caused by the Zika virus.

Q2. What is the vector for Zika?
Answer: Aedes mosquitoes.

Q3. How is Zika transmitted?
Answer: Through mosquito bites and also through sexual transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms of Zika?
Answer: Fever, rash, and joint pain.

Q5. How can Zika be prevented?
Answer: Use mosquito-control measures and take appropriate sexual precautions.

Q6. How is Zika treated?
Answer: Treatment is supportive care.

5. Yellow Fever

Q1. What causes yellow fever?
Answer: Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus.

Q2. What is the vector for yellow fever?
Answer: Mosquitoes.

Q3. How is yellow fever transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms of yellow fever?
Answer: Fever, jaundice, and headache.

Q5. How can yellow fever be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination and mosquito control.

Q6. How is yellow fever treated?
Answer: Supportive and hospital care may be required.

6. Japanese Encephalitis

Q1. What causes Japanese encephalitis?
Answer: Japanese encephalitis is caused by the JE virus.

Q2. What is the vector for Japanese encephalitis?
Answer: Culex mosquitoes.

Q3. How is Japanese encephalitis transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, confusion, and seizures.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination and mosquito control.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Supportive hospital care is used.

7. West Nile Disease

Q1. What causes West Nile disease?
Answer: West Nile disease is caused by the West Nile virus.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Culex mosquitoes.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and, in some cases, encephalitis.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through mosquito-control measures.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Treatment is supportive care.

8. Lymphatic Filariasis

Q1. What causes lymphatic filariasis?
Answer: It is caused by filarial worms.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Mosquitoes.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Limb and genital swelling.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through mosquito control and mass drug programs.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Antifilarial medicines and supportive care are used.

9. Rift Valley Fever

Q1. What causes Rift Valley fever?
Answer: It is caused by RVF virus.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Mosquitoes.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through mosquito bites and contact involving infected animals.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and weakness.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through mosquito and vector control.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Treatment is supportive care.

10. Rabies

Q1. What causes rabies?
Answer: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: The source is an infected animal.

Q3. How is rabies transmitted?
Answer: Through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and neurological symptoms.

Q5. How can rabies be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination and avoiding animal bites.

Q6. How is rabies treated?
Answer: Immediate post-exposure treatment is required; once symptoms appear, rabies is usually fatal.

11. Tuberculosis

Q1. What causes tuberculosis?
Answer: Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is tuberculosis transmitted?
Answer: Through the airborne route.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Cough, fever, and weight loss.

Q5. How can tuberculosis be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination where recommended and good ventilation are listed as preventive measures.

Q6. How is tuberculosis treated?
Answer: Treatment uses combination antibiotics.

12. Cholera

Q1. What causes cholera?
Answer: Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is cholera transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food or water.

Q4. What is the main symptom?
Answer: Profuse watery diarrhea.

Q5. How can cholera be prevented?
Answer: Use safe water and maintain sanitation.

Q6. How is cholera treated?
Answer: Rehydration is the main treatment; antibiotics may be used in selected cases.

13. Typhoid Fever

Q1. What causes typhoid fever?
Answer: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is typhoid fever transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food and water.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Prolonged fever and abdominal symptoms.

Q5. How can typhoid fever be prevented?
Answer: Through safe food and water practices and vaccination.

Q6. How is typhoid fever treated?
Answer: With antibiotics guided by resistance patterns.

14. Paratyphoid Fever

Q1. What causes paratyphoid fever?
Answer: It is caused by Salmonella Paratyphi.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through food and water.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and abdominal symptoms.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through food and water hygiene.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

15. Diphtheria

Q1. What causes diphtheria?
Answer: Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is diphtheria transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets or contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Sore throat, a membrane, and breathing difficulty.

Q5. How can diphtheria be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination.

Q6. How is diphtheria treated?
Answer: With antitoxin and antibiotics.

16. Tetanus

Q1. What causes tetanus?
Answer: Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is tetanus transmitted?
Answer: Spores enter through wounds.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Muscle stiffness and spasms.

Q5. How can tetanus be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination and proper wound care.

Q6. How is tetanus treated?
Answer: With antitoxin, antibiotics, and supportive care.

17. Pertussis

Q1. What causes pertussis?
Answer: Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is pertussis transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Severe coughing fits.

Q5. How can pertussis be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination.

Q6. How is pertussis treated?
Answer: With antibiotics and supportive care.

18. Pneumococcal Disease

Q1. What causes pneumococcal disease?
Answer: It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets.

Q4. What are the main symptoms or conditions?
Answer: Pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infection.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

19. Meningococcal Disease

Q1. What causes meningococcal disease?
Answer: It is caused by Neisseria meningitidis.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory secretions.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, meningitis, and rash.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Through vaccination.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Urgent antibiotics are required.

20. Leprosy

Q1. What causes leprosy?
Answer: Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae.

Q2. What is the vector or source?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is leprosy transmitted?
Answer: Through prolonged close contact; the respiratory route is listed as likely.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Skin lesions, numbness, and nerve damage.

Q5. How can leprosy be prevented?
Answer: Through early diagnosis and treatment.

Q6. How is leprosy treated?
Answer: With multidrug therapy.

Diseases and Medical Conditions: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

Diseases 21–100 — FAQ With Answers

21. Gonorrhea

Q1. What causes gonorrhea?
Answer: Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is gonorrhea transmitted?
Answer: Through sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Discharge and painful urination; it may also be asymptomatic.

Q5. How can gonorrhea be prevented?
Answer: Use condoms and undergo testing.

Q6. How is gonorrhea treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

22. Syphilis

Q1. What causes syphilis?
Answer: Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is syphilis transmitted?
Answer: Through sexual or vertical transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Sores and rash; later organ damage can occur.

Q5. How can syphilis be prevented?
Answer: Safer sex practices and testing.

Q6. How is syphilis treated?
Answer: Penicillin-based treatment.

23. Chlamydia

Q1. What causes chlamydia?
Answer: Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is chlamydia transmitted?
Answer: Through sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: It is often asymptomatic; discharge or pelvic pain may occur.

Q5. How can chlamydia be prevented?
Answer: Use condoms and undergo testing.

Q6. How is chlamydia treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

24. Lyme Disease

Q1. What causes Lyme disease?
Answer: Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia species.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Ticks.

Q3. How is Lyme disease transmitted?
Answer: Through a tick bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Rash, fever, and joint or nerve problems.

Q5. How can Lyme disease be prevented?
Answer: Avoid tick exposure.

Q6. How is Lyme disease treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

25. Plague

Q1. What causes plague?
Answer: Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Fleas.

Q3. How is plague transmitted?
Answer: Through flea bites or contact with infected animals.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and swollen lymph nodes.

Q5. How can plague be prevented?
Answer: Rodent and flea control.

Q6. How is plague treated?
Answer: Urgent antibiotic treatment.

26. Scrub Typhus

Q1. What causes scrub typhus?
Answer: Scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Chiggers or mites.

Q3. How is scrub typhus transmitted?
Answer: Through a mite bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, headache, and rash.

Q5. How can scrub typhus be prevented?
Answer: Avoid mite exposure.

Q6. How is scrub typhus treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

27. Typhus

Q1. What causes typhus?
Answer: Typhus is caused by Rickettsia species.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Lice, fleas, or mites depending on the type.

Q3. How is typhus transmitted?
Answer: Through arthropod bites.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, headache, and rash.

Q5. How can typhus be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and vector control.

Q6. How is typhus treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

28. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Q1. What causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Answer: It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Ticks.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through a tick bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, headache, and rash.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Avoid tick exposure.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: With doxycycline.

29. Brucellosis

Q1. What causes brucellosis?
Answer: Brucellosis is caused by Brucella species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is brucellosis transmitted?
Answer: Through unpasteurized dairy products or animal contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, sweating, and joint pain.

Q5. How can brucellosis be prevented?
Answer: Pasteurization and animal precautions.

Q6. How is brucellosis treated?
Answer: With combination antibiotics.

30. Anthrax

Q1. What causes anthrax?
Answer: Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is anthrax transmitted?
Answer: Through animal products or exposure to spores.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: A skin lesion or severe systemic disease.

Q5. How can anthrax be prevented?
Answer: Occupational precautions and vaccination for selected groups.

Q6. How is anthrax treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

31. Botulism

Q1. What causes botulism?
Answer: Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is botulism transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food, wounds, or in infants through the relevant exposure route.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Paralysis and difficulty breathing.

Q5. How can botulism be prevented?
Answer: Safe food preservation.

Q6. How is botulism treated?
Answer: Antitoxin and intensive care.

32. Salmonellosis

Q1. What causes salmonellosis?
Answer: Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is salmonellosis transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food or water.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea, fever, and cramps.

Q5. How can salmonellosis be prevented?
Answer: Food safety.

Q6. How is salmonellosis treated?
Answer: Fluids are used; antibiotics are used for selected severe cases.

33. Shigellosis

Q1. What causes shigellosis?
Answer: Shigellosis is caused by Shigella species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is shigellosis transmitted?
Answer: Through the fecal-oral route.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Bloody diarrhea and fever.

Q5. How can shigellosis be prevented?
Answer: Handwashing and sanitation.

Q6. How is shigellosis treated?
Answer: Fluids and antibiotics in selected cases.

34. Campylobacteriosis

Q1. What causes campylobacteriosis?
Answer: It is caused by Campylobacter species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through undercooked food or contamination.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea, fever, and cramps.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Food hygiene.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Fluids and antibiotics in selected cases.

35. Listeriosis

Q1. What causes listeriosis?
Answer: Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is listeriosis transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever; severe disease can occur in pregnancy and newborns.

Q5. How can listeriosis be prevented?
Answer: Food safety.

Q6. How is listeriosis treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

36. Hepatitis A

Q1. What causes hepatitis A?
Answer: Hepatitis A is caused by HAV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hepatitis A transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated food or water and close contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, nausea, and jaundice.

Q5. How can hepatitis A be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and sanitation.

Q6. How is hepatitis A treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

37. Hepatitis B

Q1. What causes hepatitis B?
Answer: Hepatitis B is caused by HBV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hepatitis B transmitted?
Answer: Through blood, sexual transmission, and mother-to-child transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Liver inflammation; chronic disease is possible.

Q5. How can hepatitis B be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and safe blood and sexual practices.

Q6. How is hepatitis B treated?
Answer: Antiviral treatment is used for selected chronic cases.

38. Hepatitis C

Q1. What causes hepatitis C?
Answer: Hepatitis C is caused by HCV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hepatitis C transmitted?
Answer: Through blood exposure.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: It is often silent and may cause chronic liver disease.

Q5. How can hepatitis C be prevented?
Answer: Safe injections and safe blood practices.

Q6. How is hepatitis C treated?
Answer: Direct-acting antivirals can cure most infections.

39. Hepatitis E

Q1. What causes hepatitis E?
Answer: Hepatitis E is caused by HEV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hepatitis E transmitted?
Answer: Mainly through contaminated water or food.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Hepatitis and jaundice.

Q5. How can hepatitis E be prevented?
Answer: Safe water and food.

Q6. How is hepatitis E treated?
Answer: Usually with supportive care.

40. HIV Infection / AIDS

Q1. What causes HIV infection/AIDS?
Answer: It is caused by HIV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is HIV transmitted?
Answer: Through sexual transmission, blood exposure, and mother-to-child transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms/features?
Answer: Immune-system damage and opportunistic infections.

Q5. How can HIV infection be prevented?
Answer: Prevention, testing, and PrEP/PEP where appropriate.

Q6. How is HIV infection treated?
Answer: Lifelong antiretroviral therapy.

41. COVID-19

Q1. What causes COVID-19?
Answer: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is COVID-19 transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory particles.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, cough, and sore throat; severe respiratory disease is possible.

Q5. How can COVID-19 be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination, ventilation, and infection-control measures.

Q6. How is COVID-19 treated?
Answer: Supportive care; antivirals may be used for eligible high-risk patients.

42. Influenza

Q1. What causes influenza?
Answer: Influenza is caused by influenza viruses.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is influenza transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets and aerosols.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, cough, and body aches.

Q5. How can influenza be prevented?
Answer: Annual vaccination and hygiene.

Q6. How is influenza treated?
Answer: Supportive care; antivirals are used for selected patients.

43. Measles

Q1. What causes measles?
Answer: Measles is caused by the measles virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is measles transmitted?
Answer: Through airborne transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, cough, and rash.

Q5. How can measles be prevented?
Answer: MMR vaccination.

Q6. How is measles treated?
Answer: Supportive care; vitamin A may be used in children where recommended.

44. Mumps

Q1. What causes mumps?
Answer: Mumps is caused by the mumps virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is mumps transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Swollen salivary glands and fever.

Q5. How can mumps be prevented?
Answer: MMR vaccination.

Q6. How is mumps treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

45. Rubella

Q1. What causes rubella?
Answer: Rubella is caused by the rubella virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is rubella transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Mild fever and rash.

Q5. How can rubella be prevented?
Answer: MMR vaccination.

Q6. How is rubella treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

46. Chickenpox

Q1. What causes chickenpox?
Answer: Chickenpox is caused by varicella-zoster virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is chickenpox transmitted?
Answer: Through airborne transmission or contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: An itchy blistering rash and fever.

Q5. How can chickenpox be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination.

Q6. How is chickenpox treated?
Answer: Supportive care; antivirals are used for selected patients.

47. Shingles

Q1. What causes shingles?
Answer: Shingles is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is shingles transmitted?
Answer: Contact with blister fluid can transmit chickenpox.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: A painful localized rash.

Q5. How can shingles be prevented?
Answer: Through shingles vaccination.

Q6. How is shingles treated?
Answer: With antiviral medicines and pain management.

48. Polio

Q1. What causes polio?
Answer: Polio is caused by poliovirus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is polio transmitted?
Answer: Through the fecal-oral route.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and sometimes paralysis.

Q5. How can polio be prevented?
Answer: Polio vaccination and sanitation.

Q6. How is polio treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

49. Hepatitis D

Q1. What causes hepatitis D?
Answer: Hepatitis D is caused by HDV.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hepatitis D transmitted?
Answer: Through blood and body fluids; it requires HBV.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Hepatitis.

Q5. How can hepatitis D be prevented?
Answer: Hepatitis B vaccination.

Q6. How is hepatitis D treated?
Answer: Specialist antiviral management.

50. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Q1. What causes RSV disease?
Answer: RSV disease is caused by respiratory syncytial virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is RSV disease transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory secretions.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Cold-like illness and bronchiolitis.

Q5. How can RSV disease be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and vaccines or prevention measures for eligible groups.

Q6. How is RSV disease treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

51. Ebola Disease

Q1. What causes Ebola disease?
Answer: Ebola disease is caused by Ebola virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is Ebola transmitted?
Answer: Through body fluids and contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding.

Q5. How can Ebola be prevented?
Answer: Infection-control measures.

Q6. How is Ebola treated?
Answer: Specialized supportive care and approved therapies.

52. Marburg Virus Disease

Q1. What causes Marburg virus disease?
Answer: It is caused by Marburg virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through body fluids and contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and severe systemic illness.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Infection-control measures.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

53. Lassa Fever

Q1. What causes Lassa fever?
Answer: Lassa fever is caused by Lassa virus.

Q2. What is the vector or reservoir?
Answer: Rodent reservoir.

Q3. How is Lassa fever transmitted?
Answer: Through rodent exposure or body fluids.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and weakness; severe disease is possible.

Q5. How can Lassa fever be prevented?
Answer: Rodent control and infection-control measures.

Q6. How is Lassa fever treated?
Answer: Supportive care and selected antiviral use.

54. Mpox

Q1. What causes mpox?
Answer: Mpox is caused by mpox virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is mpox transmitted?
Answer: Through skin-to-skin contact, other contact, and respiratory exposure.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.

Q5. How can mpox be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination for eligible groups and contact precautions.

Q6. How is mpox treated?
Answer: Supportive care; specific treatment may be used for selected severe cases.

55. Dengue Hemorrhagic / Severe Dengue

Q1. What causes severe dengue?
Answer: Severe dengue is caused by dengue virus.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Aedes mosquitoes.

Q3. How is severe dengue transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Bleeding, plasma leakage, and shock.

Q5. How can severe dengue be prevented?
Answer: Mosquito control.

Q6. How is severe dengue treated?
Answer: Urgent supportive hospital care.

56. Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Q1. What causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
Answer: It is caused by enteroviruses.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory, fecal-oral, and contact routes.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Mouth sores and a rash on the hands and feet.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Hand hygiene.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

57. Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Q1. What causes rotavirus gastroenteritis?
Answer: It is caused by rotavirus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through the fecal-oral route.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Severe diarrhea and vomiting in children.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and hygiene.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Rehydration.

58. Norovirus Gastroenteritis

Q1. What causes norovirus gastroenteritis?
Answer: It is caused by norovirus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through food, water, and person-to-person transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Vomiting and diarrhea.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and food safety.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Rehydration.

59. Viral Gastroenteritis

Q1. What causes viral gastroenteritis?
Answer: It is caused by various viruses.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through fecal-oral transmission and contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea and vomiting.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and safe food and water.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Fluids and electrolytes.

60. Infectious Mononucleosis

Q1. What causes infectious mononucleosis?
Answer: It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?
Answer: Through saliva.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Avoid sharing saliva.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Supportive care.

61. Amoebiasis

Q1. What causes amoebiasis?
Answer: Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is amoebiasis transmitted?
Answer: Through fecally contaminated food or water.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Q5. How can amoebiasis be prevented?
Answer: Safe water and food.

Q6. How is amoebiasis treated?
Answer: With antiprotozoal medicines.

62. Giardiasis

Q1. What causes giardiasis?
Answer: Giardiasis is caused by Giardia duodenalis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is giardiasis transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated water or food.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea and bloating.

Q5. How can giardiasis be prevented?
Answer: Safe water.

Q6. How is giardiasis treated?
Answer: With antiprotozoal medicines.

63. Cryptosporidiosis

Q1. What causes cryptosporidiosis?
Answer: Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted?
Answer: Through contaminated water or food.

Q4. What is the main symptom?
Answer: Watery diarrhea.

Q5. How can cryptosporidiosis be prevented?
Answer: Safe water and hygiene.

Q6. How is cryptosporidiosis treated?
Answer: Rehydration and selected therapy.

64. Toxoplasmosis

Q1. What causes toxoplasmosis?
Answer: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
Answer: Through undercooked meat, cat feces, or congenital transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: It is often mild; severe fetal or immune-related disease can occur.

Q5. How can toxoplasmosis be prevented?
Answer: Food precautions and appropriate cat-litter precautions.

Q6. How is toxoplasmosis treated?
Answer: Antiparasitic therapy is used for selected cases.

65. Trichomoniasis

Q1. What causes trichomoniasis?
Answer: Trichomoniasis is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is trichomoniasis transmitted?
Answer: Through sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Genital irritation and discharge.

Q5. How can trichomoniasis be prevented?
Answer: Condoms and testing.

Q6. How is trichomoniasis treated?
Answer: With metronidazole or tinidazole.

66. Leishmaniasis

Q1. What causes leishmaniasis?
Answer: Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania species.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Sandflies.

Q3. How is leishmaniasis transmitted?
Answer: Through a sandfly bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Skin ulcers or systemic disease.

Q5. How can leishmaniasis be prevented?
Answer: Sandfly and vector control.

Q6. How is leishmaniasis treated?
Answer: With antileishmanial drugs.

67. African Trypanosomiasis

Q1. What causes African trypanosomiasis?
Answer: It is caused by Trypanosoma brucei.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Tsetse fly.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through a fly bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, sleep disturbance, and neurological disease.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Tsetse control.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: With stage-specific medicines.

68. Chagas Disease

Q1. What causes Chagas disease?
Answer: Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Triatomine bug.

Q3. How is Chagas disease transmitted?
Answer: Through bug feces; it can also occur through food, congenital transmission, or transfusion.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and later heart or digestive disease.

Q5. How can Chagas disease be prevented?
Answer: Vector control and safe food and blood practices.

Q6. How is Chagas disease treated?
Answer: With antiparasitic drugs.

69. Schistosomiasis

Q1. What causes schistosomiasis?
Answer: Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma species.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Freshwater snails.

Q3. How is schistosomiasis transmitted?
Answer: Through skin contact with contaminated freshwater.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Abdominal or urinary symptoms.

Q5. How can schistosomiasis be prevented?
Answer: Safe water and sanitation.

Q6. How is schistosomiasis treated?
Answer: With praziquantel.

70. Ascariasis

Q1. What causes ascariasis?
Answer: Ascariasis is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is ascariasis transmitted?
Answer: By ingesting eggs from contaminated soil or food.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Abdominal symptoms and worms.

Q5. How can ascariasis be prevented?
Answer: Sanitation and hygiene.

Q6. How is ascariasis treated?
Answer: With anthelmintic drugs.

71. Hookworm Disease

Q1. What causes hookworm disease?
Answer: It is caused by Ancylostoma or Necator species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is hookworm disease transmitted?
Answer: Larvae penetrate the skin from contaminated soil.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Anemia and abdominal symptoms.

Q5. How can hookworm disease be prevented?
Answer: Wearing footwear and maintaining sanitation.

Q6. How is hookworm disease treated?
Answer: Anthelmintic drugs and iron when needed.

72. Enterobiasis

Q1. What causes enterobiasis?
Answer: Enterobiasis is caused by Enterobius vermicularis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is enterobiasis transmitted?
Answer: Through ingestion of eggs.

Q4. What is the main symptom?
Answer: Night-time anal itching.

Q5. How can enterobiasis be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and washing bedding.

Q6. How is enterobiasis treated?
Answer: Anthelmintic treatment.

73. Taeniasis

Q1. What causes taeniasis?
Answer: Taeniasis is caused by Taenia species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is taeniasis transmitted?
Answer: Through undercooked infected meat.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Abdominal symptoms or no symptoms.

Q5. How can taeniasis be prevented?
Answer: Cook meat thoroughly.

Q6. How is taeniasis treated?
Answer: With anthelmintic drugs.

74. Cysticercosis

Q1. What causes cysticercosis?
Answer: Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium larvae.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is cysticercosis transmitted?
Answer: Through ingestion of eggs.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Seizures or neurological disease may occur.

Q5. How can cysticercosis be prevented?
Answer: Sanitation and food hygiene.

Q6. How is cysticercosis treated?
Answer: Antiparasitic and symptom-specific treatment.

75. Strongyloidiasis

Q1. What causes strongyloidiasis?
Answer: Strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is strongyloidiasis transmitted?
Answer: Larvae penetrate the skin.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Rash and abdominal symptoms.

Q5. How can strongyloidiasis be prevented?
Answer: Footwear and sanitation.

Q6. How is strongyloidiasis treated?
Answer: With ivermectin.

76. Trichuriasis

Q1. What causes trichuriasis?
Answer: Trichuriasis is caused by Trichuris trichiura.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is trichuriasis transmitted?
Answer: Through ingestion of eggs.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Abdominal symptoms and anemia.

Q5. How can trichuriasis be prevented?
Answer: Sanitation.

Q6. How is trichuriasis treated?
Answer: With anthelmintic drugs.

77. Ringworm

Q1. What causes ringworm?
Answer: Ringworm is caused by dermatophyte fungi.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is ringworm transmitted?
Answer: Through skin contact or contaminated objects.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: A ring-shaped itchy rash.

Q5. How can ringworm be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items.

Q6. How is ringworm treated?
Answer: With antifungal medicines.

78. Candidiasis

Q1. What causes candidiasis?
Answer: Candidiasis is caused by Candida species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How does candidiasis occur?
Answer: It usually occurs through overgrowth of normal flora.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Thrush, genital infection, or invasive infection.

Q5. How can candidiasis be prevented?
Answer: Control relevant risk factors.

Q6. How is candidiasis treated?
Answer: With antifungal medicines.

79. Aspergillosis

Q1. What causes aspergillosis?
Answer: Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is aspergillosis transmitted?
Answer: Through inhalation of spores.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Lung disease; invasive disease can occur in high-risk people.

Q5. How can aspergillosis be prevented?
Answer: Reduce exposure in high-risk settings.

Q6. How is aspergillosis treated?
Answer: With antifungal medicines.

80. Histoplasmosis

Q1. What causes histoplasmosis?
Answer: Histoplasmosis is caused by Histoplasma species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is histoplasmosis transmitted?
Answer: Through inhalation of spores.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Lung disease and sometimes disseminated disease.

Q5. How can histoplasmosis be prevented?
Answer: Avoid heavy exposure to contaminated soil or bird and bat droppings.

Q6. How is histoplasmosis treated?
Answer: With antifungal medicines.

81. Cryptococcosis

Q1. What causes cryptococcosis?
Answer: Cryptococcosis is caused by Cryptococcus species.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is cryptococcosis transmitted?
Answer: Through inhalation of environmental yeast.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Pneumonia and meningitis.

Q5. How can cryptococcosis be prevented?
Answer: Mainly through risk reduction in immunocompromised people.

Q6. How is cryptococcosis treated?
Answer: Antifungal therapy.

82. Scabies

Q1. What causes scabies?
Answer: Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is scabies transmitted?
Answer: Through prolonged skin contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Severe itching and burrows.

Q5. How can scabies be prevented?
Answer: Treat contacts and wash bedding and clothes.

Q6. How is scabies treated?
Answer: With permethrin or other scabicides.

83. Trachoma

Q1. What causes trachoma?
Answer: Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is trachoma transmitted?
Answer: Through contact or flies, particularly in association with poor sanitation.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Eye inflammation and scarring.

Q5. How can trachoma be prevented?
Answer: Facial cleanliness and sanitation.

Q6. How is trachoma treated?
Answer: Antibiotics; surgery may be required for advanced disease.

84. Conjunctivitis

Q1. What causes conjunctivitis?
Answer: Conjunctivitis can be caused by viruses or bacteria.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is conjunctivitis transmitted?
Answer: Through contact or respiratory secretions.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: A red, watery, or discharging eye.

Q5. How can conjunctivitis be prevented?
Answer: Hand hygiene.

Q6. How is conjunctivitis treated?
Answer: Treatment depends on the cause.

85. Scarlet Fever

Q1. What causes scarlet fever?
Answer: Scarlet fever is caused by Group A Streptococcus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is scarlet fever transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets or contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Sore throat and a characteristic rash.

Q5. How can scarlet fever be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene and early diagnosis.

Q6. How is scarlet fever treated?
Answer: With antibiotics.

86. Strep Throat

Q1. What causes strep throat?
Answer: Strep throat is caused by Group A Streptococcus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is strep throat transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory droplets.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Sore throat and fever.

Q5. How can strep throat be prevented?
Answer: Hygiene.

Q6. How is strep throat treated?
Answer: Antibiotics when confirmed.

87. Rheumatic Fever

Q1. What causes rheumatic fever?
Answer: It is an immune complication of Group A streptococcal infection.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How does rheumatic fever occur?
Answer: It follows untreated strep infection.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and joint or heart inflammation.

Q5. How can rheumatic fever be prevented?
Answer: Prompt treatment of strep infection.

Q6. How is rheumatic fever treated?
Answer: Antibiotics plus anti-inflammatory or supportive treatment.

88. Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Q1. What causes acute bacterial meningitis?
Answer: It can be caused by several bacteria.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory or contact routes depending on the organism.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, headache, and stiff neck.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination where available.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Emergency antibiotics.

89. Pneumonia

Q1. What causes pneumonia?
Answer: Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is pneumonia transmitted?
Answer: Through respiratory exposure or aspiration.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Cough, fever, and breathing difficulty.

Q5. How can pneumonia be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and hygiene.

Q6. How is pneumonia treated?
Answer: Treatment depends on the cause.

90. Otitis Media

Q1. What causes otitis media?
Answer: It is usually caused by bacteria or viruses.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How does otitis media occur?
Answer: It often follows a respiratory infection.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Ear pain and fever.

Q5. How can otitis media be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and smoke avoidance.

Q6. How is otitis media treated?
Answer: Observation or antibiotics depending on the case.

91. Gastroenteritis

Q1. What causes gastroenteritis?
Answer: Gastroenteritis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is gastroenteritis transmitted?
Answer: Through food, water, or contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Diarrhea and vomiting.

Q5. How can gastroenteritis be prevented?
Answer: Food and water hygiene.

Q6. How is gastroenteritis treated?
Answer: Rehydration and cause-specific treatment.

92. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Q1. What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?
Answer: It is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How does pelvic inflammatory disease occur?
Answer: Through an ascending genital infection.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Pelvic pain, discharge, and fever.

Q5. How can pelvic inflammatory disease be prevented?
Answer: STI prevention and testing.

Q6. How is pelvic inflammatory disease treated?
Answer: With combination antibiotics.

93. Genital Herpes

Q1. What causes genital herpes?
Answer: Genital herpes is caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is genital herpes transmitted?
Answer: Through skin-to-skin or sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Painful blisters or ulcers.

Q5. How can genital herpes be prevented?
Answer: Use condoms and avoid contact during outbreaks.

Q6. How is genital herpes treated?
Answer: With antiviral medicines.

94. HPV Infection

Q1. What causes HPV infection?
Answer: HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is HPV transmitted?
Answer: Through skin-to-skin or sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms/features?
Answer: It is often asymptomatic; warts and some cancers can occur.

Q5. How can HPV infection be prevented?
Answer: HPV vaccination and screening.

Q6. How is HPV infection treated?
Answer: There is no treatment for the virus itself; lesions and cancers can be treated.

95. Cervical Cancer

Q1. What causes cervical cancer?
Answer: Cervical cancer is associated with high-risk HPV infection.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is the underlying HPV infection acquired?
Answer: HPV is acquired mainly through sexual contact.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: There are often no early symptoms.

Q5. How can cervical cancer be prevented?
Answer: HPV vaccination and cervical screening.

Q6. How is cervical cancer treated?
Answer: Surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy depending on the stage.

96. Viral Encephalitis

Q1. What causes viral encephalitis?
Answer: It can be caused by several viruses.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: Sometimes mosquitoes or ticks.

Q3. How is viral encephalitis transmitted?
Answer: Through vector bites or other routes.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, confusion, and seizures.

Q5. How can viral encephalitis be prevented?
Answer: Vaccines and vector control where applicable.

Q6. How is viral encephalitis treated?
Answer: Supportive or ICU care and cause-specific therapy.

97. Hantavirus Disease

Q1. What causes hantavirus disease?
Answer: Hantavirus disease is caused by hantaviruses.

Q2. What is the reservoir?
Answer: Rodents are the reservoir.

Q3. How is hantavirus disease transmitted?
Answer: Through inhalation or contact with rodent excreta.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever and severe lung or kidney disease.

Q5. How can hantavirus disease be prevented?
Answer: Rodent control and safe cleaning practices.

Q6. How is hantavirus disease treated?
Answer: Supportive hospital care.

98. Nipah Virus Infection

Q1. What causes Nipah virus infection?
Answer: It is caused by Nipah virus.

Q2. What is the vector or origin?
Answer: No vector is stated in the source.

Q3. How is Nipah virus infection transmitted?
Answer: Through fruit bats or animals and person-to-person transmission.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, encephalitis, and breathing problems.

Q5. How can Nipah virus infection be prevented?
Answer: Avoid exposure to infected animals and their secretions.

Q6. How is Nipah virus infection treated?
Answer: Intensive supportive care.

99. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Q1. What causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever?
Answer: It is caused by CCHF virus.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Ticks.

Q3. How is it transmitted?
Answer: Through a tick bite or contact with infected blood.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, bleeding, and severe illness.

Q5. How can it be prevented?
Answer: Tick precautions and infection-control measures.

Q6. How is it treated?
Answer: Intensive supportive care.

100. Yellow Fever

Q1. What causes yellow fever?
Answer: Yellow fever is caused by yellow fever virus.

Q2. What is the vector?
Answer: Mosquitoes.

Q3. How is yellow fever transmitted?
Answer: Through a mosquito bite.

Q4. What are the main symptoms?
Answer: Fever, jaundice, and severe systemic disease.

Q5. How can yellow fever be prevented?
Answer: Vaccination and mosquito control.

Q6. How is yellow fever treated?
Answer: Supportive hospital care.

Diseases and Medical Conditions: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

Pharmaceutical Products, Manufacturing & Global Sourcing Solutions

Nawinza (OPC) Private Limited is engaged in pharmaceutical product sourcing, wholesale supply, export facilitation, contract manufacturing sourcing and private-label opportunities through suitable manufacturers and suppliers in India. We aim to connect international buyers with pharmaceutical products and sourcing solutions according to their business requirements, product specifications and applicable regulatory conditions.

1. Pharmaceutical Medicines Export from India

Nawinza supports international B2B enquiries for pharmaceutical medicines manufactured by eligible and qualified suppliers in India. Product requirements may include generic medicines, branded medicines where authorized, finished pharmaceutical formulations and other eligible healthcare products, subject to availability and applicable regulations.

Our pharmaceutical product categories may include tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, injections, creams, ointments, gels, eye drops, ear drops, nasal sprays and other dosage forms.

2. Pharmaceutical Tablets and Capsules

We facilitate sourcing enquiries for pharmaceutical tablets and capsules in different strengths, formulations and pack sizes, depending on supplier availability and regulatory permissions.

Product categories may include:

Antibiotic and antibacterial medicines
Antiallergic and antihistamine medicines
Antidiabetic medicines
Cardiovascular medicines
Gastrointestinal medicines
Pain-relief and anti-inflammatory medicines
Vitamins, minerals and nutritional supplements
Neurology-related medicines
Dermatological medicines
Other eligible therapeutic categories

Product selection, quotations and supply arrangements are subject to product availability, prescription requirements, manufacturer authorization and destination-country regulations.

3. Pharmaceutical Syrups and Oral Suspensions

Nawinza can consider B2B sourcing enquiries for eligible liquid pharmaceutical formulations through qualified suppliers.

These may include oral syrups, suspensions, solutions and other liquid dosage forms, depending on the product, manufacturer capabilities and applicable regulatory requirements.

Buyers can provide the required product name, strength, formulation, pack size, quantity and destination country to help assess sourcing feasibility.

4. Pharmaceutical Injections and Sterile Products

We can evaluate sourcing enquiries for eligible injectable pharmaceutical products through appropriately authorized manufacturers and suppliers.

Depending on availability and regulatory permissions, product requirements may include sterile solutions, injectable formulations and other specialized dosage forms.

Sterile products require suitable manufacturing standards, product-specific documentation, storage conditions and transportation arrangements. Supply is subject to the relevant approvals and legal requirements in the exporting and importing countries.

5. Creams, Ointments, Gels and Topical Medicines

Nawinza can facilitate enquiries for eligible topical pharmaceutical formulations through suitable manufacturers.

Product categories may include dermatological creams, ointments, gels, lotions and other external-use pharmaceutical preparations.

Buyers should specify the product name, active ingredients, strength, formulation, packaging requirements and intended destination to enable a more accurate sourcing assessment.

6. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and Drug Substances

Active pharmaceutical ingredients are used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations. Nawinza can evaluate B2B sourcing enquiries for APIs and related pharmaceutical raw materials through suitable suppliers, subject to product availability and applicable legal requirements.

Sourcing enquiries may cover:

Active pharmaceutical ingredients
Pharmaceutical-grade raw materials
Selected drug substances and intermediates
Excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations
Product-specific quality and technical documentation

Requirements can be assessed according to the requested specification, quantity, intended use, supplier qualifications and destination-country import rules. API supply is subject to applicable licensing, quality, safety and documentation requirements.

7. Pharmaceutical Third-Party Manufacturing

Nawinza can explore third-party pharmaceutical manufacturing requirements by connecting suitable buyers with qualified manufacturers, where appropriate arrangements are available.

Depending on manufacturer capabilities, enquiries may include tablets, capsules, oral liquids, topical preparations and other permitted pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Buyers can share their product specifications, target quantities, packaging requirements, intended markets and quality documentation requirements for an initial feasibility assessment.

Manufacturing is undertaken by appropriately qualified and authorized facilities. Actual production arrangements depend on manufacturer capacity, regulatory permissions, product suitability and mutually agreed commercial terms.

8. Pharmaceutical Contract Manufacturing and CDMO Sourcing

Contract development and manufacturing services may support pharmaceutical businesses that require external manufacturing capabilities or specialized production services.

Nawinza can assess sourcing requirements for suitable contract manufacturing providers, subject to availability and the scope of services offered by each provider.

Potential enquiries may involve formulation manufacturing, scale-up support, production, filling, packaging and other manufacturing services where offered by qualified facilities.

The availability of development, analytical, sterile manufacturing or specialized biotechnology services must be confirmed separately with the relevant provider.

9. Pharmaceutical OEM and Private-Label Solutions

Nawinza can evaluate OEM and private-label requirements for eligible pharmaceutical products through suitable manufacturers, where permitted by law.

Potential requirements may include:

Product and formulation selection
Manufacturer sourcing
Packaging and labelling requirements
Brand-owner requirements
Product documentation coordination
Export-market suitability assessment

Private-label production is subject to the manufacturer’s capabilities, intellectual property rights, applicable product approvals, labelling rules and the regulatory requirements of the target market.

A private-label or OEM arrangement does not automatically authorize a product for sale in every country.

10. Oncology and Specialized Medicines

Nawinza can assess product-specific sourcing enquiries for eligible oncology and other specialized pharmaceutical medicines through appropriately authorized suppliers.

Requirements may include specific formulations, strengths, packaging and documentation for the intended market.

The sourcing of specialized medicines depends on product authorization, supplier eligibility, applicable restrictions and any special handling or storage requirements. Availability must be confirmed individually for each product.

11. Biologics and Biosimilars

Biologics and biosimilars are specialized pharmaceutical products that may require specific manufacturing, quality assurance, storage and distribution arrangements.

Nawinza can evaluate suitable B2B sourcing enquiries for these products where qualified suppliers and the necessary regulatory arrangements are available.

Potential requirements may include product-specific technical documentation, temperature-controlled logistics, traceability and destination-country approvals.

Supply is subject to applicable product authorization, cold-chain capabilities where required, and the legal requirements governing the particular medicine.

12. Neurology and Central Nervous System (CNS) Medicines

Nawinza can consider sourcing enquiries for eligible medicines used in neurology and other central nervous system-related therapeutic categories.

Requirements may include specific product names, strengths, dosage forms, quantities and packaging configurations.

Certain CNS medicines may be prescription-only, controlled or subject to additional import and export restrictions. Any sourcing or supply arrangement must comply with the applicable requirements of the countries involved.

13. Rare-Disease and Orphan Medicines

Rare-disease medicines are specialized products intended for particular medical conditions and patient populations.

Nawinza can assess specific sourcing enquiries where suitable authorized suppliers, product availability and the required regulatory permissions can be established.

Each enquiry requires an individual assessment of product authorization, availability, documentation, storage conditions and destination-country requirements. No product availability or supply commitment is implied until confirmed.

14. Drug Delivery Systems and Specialized Dosage Forms

Nawinza can evaluate sourcing enquiries for pharmaceutical products incorporating different drug delivery technologies, depending on supplier capabilities and product availability.

Potential product categories may include:

Nasal sprays
Inhalation products and related delivery devices
Transdermal patches
Modified-release pharmaceutical formulations
Selected specialized topical formulations
Other eligible pharmaceutical dosage forms

Requirements are assessed according to product specifications, manufacturer capabilities, applicable approvals and any special storage or handling conditions.

15. Pharmaceutical Quality Documentation and Compliance

Pharmaceutical sourcing and export transactions require appropriate documentation and compliance checks. Documentation requirements vary according to the product, manufacturer, destination country and nature of the transaction.

Depending on the applicable requirements, documents may include:

Manufacturer and product authorization documents
Applicable manufacturing licences
Certificates of Analysis (CoA)
Product specifications and technical documents
Safety Data Sheets (SDS), where applicable
Certificates of Origin, where required
Commercial invoices and packing lists
Export and shipping documentation
Product registration or import authorization documents, where required

Documents are subject to verification and availability from the relevant manufacturer, supplier or competent authority. Requirements must be confirmed for each shipment and destination.

16. Pharmaceutical Wholesale and Bulk Supply

Nawinza can assess wholesale and bulk pharmaceutical enquiries from eligible business buyers, importers, distributors and other authorized customers.

Buyers are encouraged to provide the product name, strength, dosage form, required quantity, packaging details, destination country and preferred delivery terms.

Quotations depend on confirmed supplier pricing, order quantity, product availability, packaging, documentation, freight and applicable commercial conditions. All orders remain subject to regulatory eligibility and supplier confirmation.

17. International Pharmaceutical Sourcing and Export Enquiries

Nawinza welcomes business enquiries from international pharmaceutical buyers seeking to source eligible products from India.

To help assess a requirement, buyers should provide:

Company name and country
Required product or ingredient
Strength and dosage form
Quantity and packaging requirements
Intended use and destination market
Required product documentation
Import licence or other relevant authorization, where applicable
Preferred shipping terms and delivery requirements

Each enquiry is reviewed according to sourcing feasibility, supplier availability, regulatory requirements and commercial suitability. An enquiry does not constitute a confirmed order or guarantee of supply.

18. Pharmaceutical Product Availability and Market-Specific Requirements

Pharmaceutical products differ in their legal status, approved uses, labelling requirements, import eligibility and distribution conditions across countries.

A product that can legally be manufactured or sold in one market may require additional authorization or may not be permitted in another.

Nawinza assesses product enquiries with reference to the intended destination and the information available from relevant suppliers. Buyers remain responsible for meeting their applicable importer, registration, licensing and distribution obligations, with appropriate professional and regulatory guidance.

19. Request a Pharmaceutical Sourcing Quotation

International buyers, importers, wholesalers and eligible business customers may contact Nawinza with their pharmaceutical sourcing requirements.

For a quotation assessment, please include the product name, strength, dosage form, quantity, packaging, destination country and required documentation.

Nawinza (OPC) Private Limited

Website: www.nawinza.com

Email: nawinza2026@gmail.com

Phone / WhatsApp: +91 7709102335

All enquiries are subject to product availability, supplier confirmation, applicable laws, regulatory permissions and mutually agreed commercial terms.

Disclaimer

The information on this page is provided for general B2B sourcing and business enquiry purposes. Product categories described above indicate potential sourcing areas and do not guarantee that every product is currently available or that Nawinza is directly licensed to manufacture, distribute or export every category.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing, procurement, export, import, registration, storage, transportation and sale must comply with the applicable laws and regulatory requirements of the relevant countries. Product licences, registrations, certificates and other documentation must be verified for the specific transaction.

Prescription medicines, controlled substances, sterile products, biologics, oncology medicines and other regulated products may be subject to additional restrictions. No medicine should be supplied or marketed without the necessary authorizations. Buyers and sellers must independently verify the applicable requirements before placing or accepting an order.

Product names and categories are provided for identification and sourcing purposes only. No claim is made that any medicine is suitable for a particular patient, condition or treatment. Medical decisions must be made by appropriately qualified healthcare professionals.

Part 1 — Antibacterial, antifungal and antimicrobial drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-floxacin`	Fluoroquinolone antibiotics	Selected UTIs, pyelonephritis, bacterial prostatitis and certain gastrointestinal or respiratory infections	Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV.	Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections when the individual drug is appropriate.
`-cillin`	Penicillin antibiotics	Strep throat, selected skin infections, susceptible respiratory infections and certain dental infections	Interferes with bacterial cell-wall synthesis.	Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections.
`cef- / -cef`	Cephalosporin antibiotics	Selected UTIs, pneumonia, skin infections, meningitis and ENT infections	Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis; coverage differs by generation and drug.	Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections.
`-penem`	Carbapenem antibiotics	Complicated abdominal infections, complicated UTIs and selected resistant bacterial infections	Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis.	Treatment of serious susceptible bacterial infections.
`-cycline`	Tetracycline antibiotics	Acne, chlamydial infections, rickettsial infections and selected respiratory infections	Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.	Treatment of susceptible bacterial infections and selected inflammatory skin conditions.
`-thromycin`	Common pattern among macrolide antibiotics	Selected respiratory and ENT infections, whooping cough and certain chlamydial infections	Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.	Treatment of selected susceptible bacterial infections.
`-mycin`	Multiple antibiotic groups	Depends on the individual medicine; may include skin, respiratory or serious systemic infections	This ending occurs in different antibiotic classes and cannot reliably identify the class by itself.	Determined by the complete generic name and its approved indications.
`-micin`	Common in certain antibiotic names, including aminoglycosides	Selected serious urinary, bloodstream and other bacterial infections	Certain members inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and may require kidney-function monitoring.	Treatment of susceptible infections with appropriate monitoring.
`-nidazole`	Nitroimidazole antimicrobials	Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis and selected anaerobic infections	Forms reactive metabolites that damage susceptible microorganisms.	Treatment of selected anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections.
`-azole`	Azole antifungals when the complete name identifies this class	Candidiasis, ringworm and selected systemic fungal infections	Many azoles inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis.	Treatment of susceptible fungal infections, according to the specific agent.
`-conazole`	Common pattern among azole antifungals	Oral or vaginal candidiasis, dermatophyte infections and selected systemic mycoses	Interferes with fungal membrane sterol synthesis.	Treatment of susceptible fungal infections.
`-fungin`	Echinocandin antifungals	Invasive candidiasis and selected other serious fungal infections	Inhibits fungal cell-wall glucan synthesis.	Treatment of selected invasive fungal infections.
`-cyclovir`	Common pattern among anti-herpesvirus medicines	Cold sores, genital herpes, shingles and chickenpox, depending on the agent	Interferes with viral DNA replication.	Treatment of selected herpesvirus infections.
`-fovir`	Common pattern among nucleotide/nucleoside antiviral medicines	Hepatitis B and selected HIV treatment regimens, depending on the medicine	Acts on viral nucleic-acid synthesis or related replication processes.	Treatment of specified viral infections.
`-navir`	HIV protease inhibitors	HIV infection	Inhibits HIV protease and interferes with viral maturation.	HIV treatment as part of combination antiretroviral therapy.
`-gravir`	HIV integrase inhibitors	HIV infection; selected agents also have prevention indications	Blocks HIV integrase, preventing integration of viral DNA into host-cell DNA.	Treatment or prevention of HIV, according to the specific medicine.
`-buvir`	HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C infection	Inhibits viral RNA polymerase.	Hepatitis C treatment as part of an appropriate antiviral regimen.
`-asvir`	HCV NS5A inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C infection	Inhibits a viral protein involved in replication and assembly.	Hepatitis C treatment in suitable combination regimens.
`-previr`	HCV protease inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C infection	Inhibits the viral NS3/4A protease.	Hepatitis C treatment according to the selected regimen.
`-amivir`	Common pattern among influenza neuraminidase inhibitors	Influenza A and B, depending on the agent	Inhibits viral neuraminidase, impairing release of newly formed influenza viruses.	Treatment or prevention of influenza when indicated.

Part 2 — Cardiovascular and blood-related drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-pril`	ACE inhibitors	Hypertension, heart failure and selected kidney conditions	Reduces angiotensin II formation and relaxes blood vessels.	Blood-pressure control and selected cardiovascular or renal protection.
`-sartan`	Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)	Hypertension, selected heart failure and certain kidney conditions	Blocks angiotensin II receptors.	Management of hypertension and selected cardiovascular or kidney diseases.
`-olol`	Beta-adrenergic blockers	Hypertension, angina, selected arrhythmias and certain heart-failure cases	Reduces beta-adrenergic effects on the heart and other tissues.	Management of selected cardiovascular conditions.
`-dipine`	Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers	Hypertension and angina	Relaxes blood vessels by reducing calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle.	Blood-pressure reduction and selected angina treatment.
`-dil`	Not a reliable standalone class suffix	Depends on the complete medicine name	Some medicines contain these letters without sharing a pharmacological class.	Determine from the full generic name.
`-statin`	HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors	High LDL cholesterol and elevated cardiovascular risk	Reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis.	Treatment of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular events.
`-xaban`	Direct factor Xa inhibitors	Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and eligible patients with atrial fibrillation	Inhibits factor Xa in the coagulation pathway.	Prevention or treatment of selected blood clots and stroke risk associated with atrial fibrillation.
`-gatran`	Direct thrombin inhibitors	Selected venous thromboembolism and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation	Inhibits thrombin, reducing clot formation.	Prevention or treatment of specified thromboembolic conditions.
`-parin`	Heparin-related anticoagulants	DVT, PE and selected acute cardiovascular conditions	Enhances anticoagulant pathways to reduce clot formation.	Prevention and treatment of blood clots.
`-grel`	Common pattern among P2Y12 platelet inhibitors	Selected heart attacks, ischaemic strokes and prevention of stent-related clotting	Inhibits platelet activation through the P2Y12 receptor.	Prevention of selected arterial thrombotic events.
`-fibrate`	Fibrates	High triglycerides and selected mixed lipid disorders	Alters lipid metabolism, particularly triglyceride handling.	Treatment of selected lipid abnormalities.
`-zosin`	Alpha-1 adrenergic blockers	Hypertension and urinary symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)	Relaxes vascular and urinary-tract smooth muscle.	Blood-pressure management or relief of selected urinary symptoms.
`-dronate`	Bisphosphonates	Osteoporosis and selected metabolic bone diseases	Reduces osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.	Prevention or treatment of bone loss and selected bone disorders.
`-plase`	Thrombolytic agents	Selected acute ischaemic strokes, myocardial infarction and massive pulmonary embolism	Breaks down fibrin in blood clots.	Emergency clot dissolution in carefully selected patients.
`-parib`	PARP inhibitors	Selected ovarian, breast, prostate and other cancers	Inhibits DNA-repair enzymes in susceptible tumour cells.	Targeted treatment of selected cancers.
`-caine`	Commonly local anaesthetics; some names have other uses	Procedural pain, dental procedures and regional anaesthesia	Many local anaesthetics block voltage-gated sodium channels in nerves.	Local or regional anaesthesia when the complete drug name confirms this class.

Part 3 — Diabetes and endocrine drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-gliptin`	DPP-4 inhibitors	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Inhibits DPP-4 and increases incretin activity.	Blood-glucose control in type 2 diabetes.
`-gliflozin`	SGLT2 inhibitors	Type 2 diabetes, selected heart failure and chronic kidney disease	Increases urinary glucose excretion and may provide heart and kidney benefits.	Diabetes management and selected cardiovascular and renal indications.
`-glutide`	Common among GLP-1 receptor agonists	Type 2 diabetes and selected weight-management indications	Activates GLP-1 receptors, affecting glucose regulation, appetite and gastric emptying.	Blood-glucose control and, for selected medicines, chronic weight management.
`-tide`	Peptide-drug naming stem, not a single class	Varies by the medicine	Peptides can act on many different receptors and biological pathways.	Determined by the individual drug’s mechanism and approved indications.
`-formin`	Biguanide naming pattern	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.	Blood-glucose control.
`-glinide`	Meglitinide insulin secretagogues	Type 2 diabetes, particularly elevated post-meal glucose	Stimulates pancreatic insulin release.	Improvement of post-meal blood-glucose control.
`-glitazone`	Thiazolidinediones	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Improves insulin sensitivity in selected tissues.	Blood-glucose control in appropriately selected patients.
`-terol`	Common among beta-2 agonist bronchodilators	Asthma and COPD	Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and opens narrowed airways.	Relief or prevention of bronchospasm, according to the specific agent and regimen.
`-tropium`	Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators	COPD and selected asthma regimens	Blocks muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle.	Bronchodilation and symptom control.
`-thyroxine`	Thyroid hormone name, not a general suffix	Hypothyroidism	Levothyroxine replaces deficient thyroid hormone.	Thyroid hormone replacement.
`-relin`	Common in GnRH-related drug names	Selected hormone-sensitive cancers, endometriosis and reproductive conditions	Modifies pituitary release of reproductive hormones; effects depend on the agent and regimen.	Treatment of selected endocrine and reproductive disorders.
`-tropin`	Hormone-related naming pattern	Selected growth-hormone deficiencies and other endocrine disorders	Includes names of hormones or hormone-related medicines; the suffix alone does not identify a unique class.	Hormone replacement or endocrine treatment according to the specific drug.

Part 4 — Gastrointestinal and digestive-system drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-prazole`	Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)	GERD, acid reflux, erosive oesophagitis and peptic ulcers	Suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the proton pump.	Treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders.
`-tidine`	Common among histamine H2-receptor antagonists	Heartburn, acid reflux and peptic ulcer disease	Reduces histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion.	Reduction of gastric acid production.
`-setron`	5-HT3 receptor antagonists	Chemotherapy-associated nausea and postoperative nausea and vomiting	Blocks serotonin receptors involved in the vomiting reflex.	Prevention and treatment of selected forms of nausea and vomiting.
`-pride`	Occurs in several unrelated drug names	Depends on the medicine; may include gastrointestinal or neurological conditions	Examples in this family of endings do not all share the same mechanism or indication.	Confirm the complete generic name before assigning a use.
`-glutide`	GLP-1 receptor agonists among other peptide-name patterns	Type 2 diabetes and approved weight-management indications	Can slow gastric emptying and influence appetite and glucose regulation.	Metabolic treatment, not routine treatment of all digestive complaints.
`-lax`	Informal product-name pattern; not a standardized drug suffix	Constipation	Some products bearing this pattern contain laxative ingredients with different mechanisms.	Relief of constipation according to the actual active ingredient.
`-mycin`	Multiple antibiotic groups	Certain gastrointestinal infections, depending on the medicine	The ending does not uniquely identify an antibiotic class.	Treatment of a specific infection only when the identified drug is appropriate.

Part 5 — Pain, inflammation, allergy and respiratory drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-profen`	Common among propionic-acid NSAIDs	Musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, menstrual pain and fever	Reduces prostaglandin synthesis through cyclooxygenase inhibition.	Relief of pain, inflammation and fever.
`-coxib`	Selective COX-2 inhibitors	Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and selected acute pain	Selectively inhibits COX-2-mediated prostaglandin production.	Relief of pain and inflammation in appropriate patients.
`-fenac`	Pattern found in certain NSAID names	Arthritis, musculoskeletal pain and selected acute pain conditions	Diclofenac is an example; the ending is not a universal class identifier.	Relief of pain and inflammation according to the specific medicine.
`-caine`	Common among local anaesthetics	Dental procedures, local pain and regional anaesthesia	Many members block nerve sodium channels and temporarily prevent nerve-signal transmission.	Local or regional anaesthesia.
`-triptan`	Triptan antimigraine medicines	Acute migraine attacks, with or without aura	Activates specific serotonin receptors involved in migraine pathways.	Acute migraine treatment.
`-pam`	Common among benzodiazepines	Anxiety disorders, selected seizures and muscle spasms	Enhances GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibitory signalling.	Anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle-relaxant or sedative treatment, depending on the drug.
`-lam`	Common among certain benzodiazepines	Selected anxiety disorders and procedural sedation	Enhances GABA-A receptor activity; duration and clinical role vary by medicine.	Treatment of selected anxiety conditions or sedation when indicated.
`-astine`	Occurs in certain antihistamine names	Allergic rhinitis, itching and selected allergic eye conditions	Many members block histamine H1 receptors.	Relief of allergic symptoms, depending on the medicine and route.
`-izine`	Common among certain antihistamines	Allergic rhinitis, urticaria and selected motion-related symptoms	Includes medicines with antihistamine effects; some have additional actions.	Treatment of allergies and other drug-specific indications.
`-adine`	Occurs in some medicine names but is not a definitive class marker	Depends on the complete drug name	The ending alone cannot reliably identify a pharmacological group.	Determine from the full generic name.
`-lukast`	Leukotriene receptor antagonists	Asthma control and selected allergic rhinitis cases	Blocks leukotriene-mediated airway inflammation and narrowing.	Long-term control of selected respiratory and allergic conditions; not rescue treatment for acute asthma.
`-terol`	Beta-2 agonist bronchodilators	Asthma and COPD	Relaxes airway smooth muscle.	Bronchodilation; the individual agent determines duration and place in therapy.
`-tropium`	Inhaled antimuscarinic bronchodilators	COPD and selected asthma regimens	Blocks airway muscarinic receptors.	Bronchodilation and respiratory symptom control.
`-codone`	Occurs in opioid analgesic names	Moderate to severe pain in selected clinical situations	Opioid-receptor activity alters pain perception and carries dependence and respiratory-depression risks.	Pain relief under appropriate medical supervision.
`-morphine`	Opioid analgesic name	Severe pain and selected palliative-care situations	Acts primarily at opioid receptors in the central nervous system.	Management of severe pain when indicated.

Part 6 — Neurology and psychiatric drugs

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-oxetine`	Occurs in several antidepressant names	Depression and selected anxiety disorders	Includes different medicines; fluoxetine and paroxetine are SSRIs. The ending itself is not a definitive class marker.	Treatment of the conditions approved for the individual antidepressant.
`-pram`	Common among certain antidepressants	Major depressive disorder and selected anxiety disorders	Citalopram and escitalopram inhibit serotonin reuptake.	Treatment of depression and specified anxiety disorders.
`-gabalin`	Common among gabapentinoid names	Neuropathic pain and selected seizure disorders	Pregabalin modulates voltage-gated calcium-channel subunits and reduces certain neuronal signalling.	Treatment of specified neuropathic pain and seizure conditions.
`-stigmine`	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors	Myasthenia gravis and selected other indications	Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine availability.	Improvement of neuromuscular transmission or other drug-specific effects.
`-racetam`	Common among certain racetam compounds	Depends on the specific compound and its regulatory status	The suffix does not establish one universal clinical class or approved indication.	Use only according to the identified medicine’s evidence and approved status.
`-zepam`	Benzodiazepines	Anxiety, selected seizures, muscle spasms and sedation	Enhances GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibition.	Anxiolytic, anticonvulsant or sedative treatment according to the medicine.
`-zolam`	Benzodiazepines	Selected anxiety disorders and procedural sedation	Enhances GABA-A receptor activity.	Short-term anxiolysis or sedation when clinically indicated.
`-done`	Not a reliable universal drug-class suffix	Depends on the complete drug name	Different drugs with this ending may have unrelated mechanisms and uses.	Must be established from the individual generic name.
`-pride`	Appears in several unrelated drug names	Depends on the medicine	This ending can occur in medicines with different pharmacological actions.	Confirm the drug identity and approved indication.

Part 7 — Antiviral and international medicine stems

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-vir`	Broad antiviral naming pattern	Depends on the medicine: examples include influenza, herpesvirus infections and chronic viral infections	A broad naming pattern that does not specify a particular virus or mechanism.	Treatment or prevention of specific viral infections when approved.
`-navir`	HIV protease inhibitors	HIV infection	Blocks HIV protease and prevents normal viral maturation.	Combination antiretroviral treatment.
`-gravir`	HIV integrase inhibitors	HIV infection and selected prevention indications	Blocks viral DNA integration.	HIV treatment or prevention according to the specific medicine.
`-buvir`	HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C	Inhibits hepatitis C RNA replication.	Treatment of hepatitis C in appropriate regimens.
`-asvir`	HCV NS5A inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C	Interferes with viral replication and assembly.	Treatment of hepatitis C in combination regimens.
`-previr`	HCV protease inhibitors	Chronic hepatitis C	Inhibits the viral NS3/4A protease.	Treatment of hepatitis C according to the appropriate regimen.
`-amivir`	Common among influenza neuraminidase inhibitors	Influenza A and B, depending on the agent	Inhibits neuraminidase and impairs release of newly formed viruses.	Treatment or prevention of influenza when indicated.
`-cyclovir`	Common among anti-herpesvirus medicines	Herpes simplex, shingles and chickenpox, depending on the medicine	Interferes with viral DNA replication.	Treatment of selected herpesvirus infections.
`-fovir`	Common among nucleotide/nucleoside antiviral names	Hepatitis B and selected HIV treatment regimens, depending on the medicine	Interferes with viral nucleic-acid synthesis or replication.	Treatment of specified viral infections.

Part 8 — Anticancer and specialist medicines

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-nib`	Common among targeted kinase inhibitors	Selected cancers and certain specialist diseases	Often inhibits a specific enzyme or cellular signalling pathway.	Targeted treatment according to the drug’s molecular target and approved indications.
`-tinib`	Common among tyrosine-kinase inhibitors	Certain leukaemias, lung cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumours and other malignancies	Inhibits specific tyrosine-kinase signalling pathways.	Treatment of selected cancers with the relevant molecular target.
`-ciclib`	Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors	Selected hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers	Inhibits cell-cycle proteins involved in tumour-cell proliferation.	Treatment of eligible patients with specific breast cancers.
`-parib`	PARP inhibitors	Selected ovarian, breast, prostate and other cancers	Interferes with DNA repair in susceptible tumour cells.	Targeted cancer treatment based on tumour type and relevant biomarkers.
`-tecan`	Common among topoisomerase I inhibitor-related drug names	Selected colorectal, ovarian, lung and other cancers	Interferes with DNA replication in dividing cells.	Chemotherapy for specified malignancies.
`-platin`	Platinum-based chemotherapy agents	Selected lung, ovarian, bladder, testicular and other cancers	Forms DNA damage that interferes with cancer-cell replication.	Treatment of selected cancers.
`-taxel`	Taxane chemotherapy agents	Selected breast, ovarian, lung and other cancers	Disrupts microtubule function during cell division.	Chemotherapy for specified malignancies.
`-rubicin`	Anthracycline-related chemotherapy names	Selected leukaemias, lymphomas and solid tumours	Interferes with DNA-related processes and tumour-cell growth.	Cancer treatment according to the specific medicine and regimen.
`-mustine`	Alkylating-agent-related drug names	Selected brain tumours, lymphomas and other cancers	Alkylates DNA and disrupts cell replication.	Chemotherapy for specified malignancies.
`-trexed`	Antifolate chemotherapy drug names	Selected lung cancers and mesothelioma	Interferes with folate-dependent processes needed for DNA synthesis.	Treatment of specified cancers.
`-mab`	Established monoclonal-antibody naming stem	Selected cancers, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions	Binds a specific molecular target to alter biological or immune activity.	Targeted biological treatment according to the antibody’s indication.

Part 9 — Hormones, reproductive health, biologics and advanced medicines

Drug suffix / stem	Class of drug	Infection / condition	Explanation	Principal therapeutic use
`-terone`	Occurs in certain steroid-related medicine names	Selected prostate cancers and other hormone-related conditions	Some medicines affect androgen production or steroid-hormone activity.	Hormonal treatment according to the individual medicine.
`-steride`	5-alpha-reductase inhibitors	Benign prostatic hyperplasia and, for selected agents, androgenetic alopecia	Reduces conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.	Treatment of prostate enlargement or selected hair-loss conditions.
`-prost`	Common among prostaglandin-related medicine names	Glaucoma, selected obstetric indications and other specialist conditions	Prostaglandin-related medicines can affect eye pressure, uterine activity and other physiological processes.	Depends on the complete medicine name; examples include latanoprost and misoprostol.
`-pressin`	Vasopressin-related medicine names	Selected cases of diabetes insipidus and certain bleeding disorders	Some agents act on vasopressin receptors to alter water retention or other physiological responses.	Treatment of specific endocrine, bleeding or fluid-balance conditions.
`-dronate`	Bisphosphonates	Osteoporosis and selected metabolic bone disorders	Reduces osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.	Prevention or treatment of bone loss and selected bone diseases.
`-tropin`	Hormone-related naming pattern	Selected growth-hormone deficiencies and endocrine disorders	May occur in hormone names or related medicines; it does not define one universal class.	Hormone replacement or endocrine treatment as indicated.
`-tug`	Newer WHO monoclonal-antibody suffix	Selected cancers, immune-mediated diseases and other specialist conditions	Identifies a monoclonal-antibody naming category rather than a specific mechanism.	Determined by the individual antibody’s target and approved indication.
`-bart`	Newer WHO monoclonal-antibody suffix	Selected specialist diseases	Represents a category in newer antibody nomenclature.	Targeted biological treatment according to the individual medicine.
`-mig`	Newer WHO monoclonal-antibody suffix	Selected cancers and other specialist conditions	Identifies a category of multispecific antibody medicines.	Targeted treatment according to the antibody’s molecular targets.
`-ment`	Newer WHO monoclonal-antibody suffix	Selected specialist diseases	Represents a monoclonal-antibody naming category, not one therapeutic class.	Determined by the medicine’s target and approved use.
`-cept`	Common among receptor-fusion proteins	Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and selected immune-mediated diseases	Modulates selected immune or inflammatory pathways.	Treatment of specified autoimmune or inflammatory conditions.
`-poetin`	Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents	Selected anaemias, including certain cases associated with chronic kidney disease	Stimulates red-blood-cell production.	Treatment of specific anaemias when clinically indicated.
`-plase`	Thrombolytic agents	Selected acute ischaemic strokes, myocardial infarction and massive pulmonary embolism	Promotes breakdown of fibrin in blood clots.	Emergency clot dissolution in carefully selected patients.
`-ase`	Broad enzyme-name ending	Depends on the enzyme; may include certain metabolic disorders or emergency conditions	Enzymes have many unrelated functions, so this ending does not identify one drug class.	Determined by the individual enzyme and its approved indication.
`-tide`	Peptide-drug naming stem	Selected diabetes, weight-management, endocrine and other conditions	Peptide medicines act on different receptors and biological pathways.	Treatment of the condition specifically approved for the medicine.

Complete Guide to Medicine Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms: Rx, XRx, NRx and More

This guide explains the common symbols, prescription markings, dosage abbreviations, medicine forms, packaging terms, and regulatory expressions found on pharmaceutical products. It is written in a professional, educational style that can also be adapted for the Nawinza OPC website.

Important: Medicine markings and legal requirements vary by country. Since the image refers to Indian medicine labels, the regulatory explanations below focus primarily on India. A symbol printed on a medicine pack should not be used as the sole basis for deciding whether a medicine is safe to purchase or use.

1. Prescription and regulatory symbols

Rx

Rx — Prescription medicine

Traditionally derived from the Latin word recipe, meaning “take.” The symbol commonly identifies a medicine supplied on a healthcare professional’s prescription, where required by applicable regulations.

Purpose: Indicates prescription-related status.
Where seen: Medicine cartons, labels and prescriptions.
Important: Rx does not identify the medicine’s strength, safety level or suitability for a particular patient.

XRx

XRx — Schedule X reference in India

XRx is commonly used in educational material to refer to medicines associated with Schedule X controls. However, the symbol alone is not a universal or definitive legal classification.

Purpose: Draws attention to specially regulated medicines.
Regulatory context: Schedule X under India’s Drugs and Cosmetics Rules has specific requirements for covered drugs, including prescription and record-keeping controls.
Important: Do not assume that every medicine displaying XRx is governed by the same restrictions in every country. Verify the actual drug classification and current rules.

NRx

NRx — A prescription-related marking

NRx has been used on Indian pharmaceutical labels in connection with certain medicines subject to additional controls, including medicines covered by relevant provisions for narcotic or psychotropic substances.

Purpose: May indicate a specially controlled prescription category.
Important: NRx is not a universal international symbol and should not automatically be interpreted as meaning every prescription medicine, every narcotic drug or a non-prescription medicine.
Verification: Check the exact medicine, applicable schedule, current legislation and official label.

OTC

OTC — Over the Counter

Refers to medicines that may be sold without a prescription under the applicable rules.

Purpose: Identifies a non-prescription supply category where legally permitted.
Important: OTC status differs between countries and between individual medicines. A product available without a prescription in one country may require one in another.

℞

℞ — Prescription sign

This is the traditional prescription symbol, visually equivalent in meaning to Rx in many contexts. Its presence does not replace the actual prescribing instructions or legal requirements.

2. Other important warnings and medicine-label terms

Term or marking	Full form / meaning	What it tells you
Schedule H	Prescription-controlled category in India	Covered medicines are subject to prescription-related restrictions.
Schedule H1	Category under India’s drug rules	Additional controls apply to listed medicines, including specified record-keeping requirements.
Schedule X	Specially controlled drug category	Specific prescription, storage or record requirements may apply.
Schedule G	Category under Indian drug rules	Covered medicines carry a caution requiring medical supervision.
Caution	Safety warning	Read the complete warning and follow professional advice.
Warning	Risk or restriction notice	May describe side effects, interactions, misuse risks or other hazards.
For external use only	Not intended to be swallowed	Use only by the route indicated on the label.
Keep out of reach of children	Child-safety instruction	Store securely to prevent accidental ingestion.
Not for human use	Not intended for people	May apply to veterinary or other non-human products.
Veterinary use	Intended for animals	Use according to veterinary directions and the product’s authorised indication.
Sample / Physician’s sample	Promotional sample designation	Not necessarily intended for ordinary retail sale; follow applicable rules.

Regulatory note: Schedule classifications are legal categories, not simply marketing labels. A medicine’s actual status must be checked against the current applicable law. Schedule G, H, H1 and X are not interchangeable.

3. Medicine dosage forms and product abbreviations

These abbreviations identify the physical form in which a medicine is manufactured and supplied.

Abbreviation	Full form	Explanation
Tab.	Tablet	Solid dosage form containing a measured amount of medicine.
Cap.	Capsule	Medicine enclosed in a hard or soft shell.
Inj.	Injection	Sterile formulation administered by an appropriate injection route.
Syr.	Syrup	Liquid formulation, often containing dissolved ingredients.
Susp.	Suspension	Liquid containing dispersed particles that may need shaking.
Soln.	Solution	Liquid in which the ingredients are dissolved.
Drops	Drops	Liquid delivered in measured drops, such as eye, ear or oral drops.
Oint.	Ointment	Semisolid preparation generally intended for application to the skin or another specified site.
Cream	Cream	Semisolid preparation for a specified application site.
Gel	Gel	Semisolid formulation with a gel-like consistency.
Lotion	Lotion	Liquid or fluid preparation for external application.
Supp.	Suppository	Solid dosage form inserted into the rectum or another specified body cavity.
Sachet	Sachet	Small packet containing a measured quantity of powder, granules or another formulation.
SR	Sustained Release	Designed to release the active ingredient over an extended period.
CR	Controlled Release	Designed to control the release of the active ingredient over time.
ER / XR	Extended Release	Designed to release the active ingredient over an extended period.
DR	Delayed Release	Designed to postpone release until a specified point or condition.
EC	Enteric Coated	Coating designed to resist release in the stomach and allow release farther along the digestive tract.
DT	Dispersible Tablet	Tablet designed to disperse in liquid before administration, according to its instructions.
ODT	Orally Disintegrating Tablet	Tablet designed to disintegrate in the mouth.
Chewable	Chewable Tablet	Tablet intended to be chewed before swallowing.
Eff.	Effervescent	Formulation designed to dissolve with bubbling in liquid before use.
MD	Mouth Dissolving	Common descriptive term for a dosage form that dissolves in the mouth; exact meaning depends on the product.
IV	Intravenous	Administration into a vein.
IM	Intramuscular	Administration into a muscle.
SC / SQ	Subcutaneous	Administration beneath the skin.
ID	Intradermal	Administration into the skin layer.
Topical	Topical application	Application to the skin or another specified surface.
Ophthalmic	Eye preparation	Formulation intended for ophthalmic use.
Otic	Ear preparation	Formulation intended for ear use.
Inhalation	Inhaled medicine	Medicine delivered through the respiratory tract.

Important: SR, CR, ER, XR and delayed-release products are not automatically interchangeable. Never crush, split or chew a modified-release tablet unless the product instructions or a qualified healthcare professional specifically permits it.

4. Strength, concentration and quantity terms

mg

Milligram

A unit of mass. For example, 75 mg means 75 milligrams of the stated ingredient per specified unit, as defined by the label.

g

Gram

A unit of mass. One gram equals 1,000 milligrams.

mcg

Microgram

A unit of mass. One milligram equals 1,000 micrograms. Confusing mg with mcg can cause serious dosing errors.

mL

Millilitre

A unit of liquid volume. For example, 5 mL describes a volume, not the amount of active ingredient unless the concentration is also known.

IU

International Unit

A measure of biological activity used for certain substances. Its conversion into mass depends on the particular substance.

%

Percentage concentration

Describes concentration, but the exact interpretation depends on whether it is weight/weight, weight/volume or volume/volume.

Examples of strength and concentration

Paracetamol 500 mg: The label indicates 500 mg of the specified active ingredient per tablet, subject to the product’s labelling convention.
Oral solution 100 mg/5 mL: Each 5 mL contains 100 mg of the stated ingredient.
Cream 1% w/w: One gram of active ingredient per 100 grams of the finished preparation, where the percentage is explicitly weight by weight.
10 mg/mL: Each millilitre contains 10 mg of the stated ingredient.

Strength is not the same as the recommended dose. The dose and frequency must follow the authorised product instructions and the prescriber’s directions.

5. Common abbreviations found on prescriptions

The following are common expressions in clinical and pharmaceutical contexts. They are provided for recognition and education, not as instructions for self-medication.

Abbreviation	Meaning	General interpretation
OD	Once daily in some prescribing contexts; also has other meanings	Must be interpreted in context.
BD / BID	Twice daily	Two administrations per day when explicitly prescribed.
TDS / TID	Three times daily	Three administrations per day when prescribed.
QID	Four times daily	Four administrations per day when prescribed.
PRN	As needed	Used only under the conditions specified by the prescriber.
SOS	If required / when necessary	Exact meaning and permitted frequency must be confirmed.
HS	At bedtime in some contexts	Confirm the intended instruction.
AC	Before meals in some contexts	Confirm the prescription.
PC	After meals in some contexts	Confirm the prescription.
STAT	Immediately	Indicates urgency in certain clinical orders.
PO	By mouth	Oral administration.
SL	Sublingual	Under the tongue.
PR	Per rectum	Rectal route of administration.
NPO	Nothing by mouth	A clinical instruction that may restrict food and drink.
No.	Number	May indicate a quantity, depending on the document.
Sig.	Directions	Instructions for dispensing or using a medicine.
Rx No.	Prescription number	An identifier used by a healthcare provider or pharmacy.

Safety note: Some abbreviations have multiple meanings. For example, OD can mean once daily in one context and right eye in ophthalmic terminology. Unclear prescription instructions should always be confirmed with the prescriber or pharmacist rather than guessed.

6. Ingredients and pharmaceutical composition

Term	Full form or meaning	Explanation
API	Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient	The substance responsible for the intended pharmacological action.
Excipient	Inactive formulation ingredient	Helps manufacture, stabilise, preserve or deliver the medicine.
IP	Indian Pharmacopoeia	Indicates a connection to Indian Pharmacopoeia standards when used appropriately on a product label.
BP	British Pharmacopoeia	Refers to the British Pharmacopoeia standard where applicable.
USP	United States Pharmacopeia	Refers to applicable United States Pharmacopeia standards.
Ph. Eur.	European Pharmacopoeia	Refers to European Pharmacopoeia standards.
INN	International Nonproprietary Name	An internationally recognised generic name for a pharmaceutical substance.
Generic name	Non-brand medicine name	Identifies the active substance rather than a particular brand.
Brand name	Trade name	The name under which a product is marketed.
FDC	Fixed-Dose Combination	A formulation containing two or more active ingredients in specified proportions.
Monograph	Official substance or product specification	Defines applicable quality requirements and tests.
Bioavailability	Extent and rate of absorption	Describes how much and how quickly the active ingredient reaches systemic circulation.
Bioequivalence	Comparison of drug exposure	Demonstrates that products meet applicable criteria for comparable drug availability.

Example: understanding a medicine name

Consider a hypothetical label reading:

Active ingredient 500 mg — Tablets IP

Active ingredient: identifies the substance responsible for the intended effect.
500 mg: states the labelled strength.
Tablets: identifies the dosage form.
IP: indicates the relevant Indian Pharmacopoeia designation or standard, as applicable.
Brand name: identifies the marketed product, if present.

The actual product must still be assessed for its approved composition, manufacturer, quality and authorised use.

7. Batch, manufacturing and expiry information

Term	Meaning	Why it matters
Batch No. / Lot No.	Manufacturing batch identifier	Supports traceability and investigations.
Mfg. Date / MFD	Manufacturing date	Indicates when the product was manufactured, as labelled.
Exp. Date / EXP	Expiry date	Indicates the end of the stated shelf life under specified storage conditions.
MRP	Maximum Retail Price	The maximum retail price where applicable under Indian pricing and labelling rules.
Net contents	Quantity inside the pack	States the labelled quantity, such as tablets, capsules or millilitres.
Storage conditions	Required storage environment	Indicates temperature, light, moisture or other storage restrictions.
Store below 25°C	Temperature instruction	Follow the exact label; this does not mean refrigeration is required.
Protect from light	Light protection instruction	Store in the recommended protective packaging or environment.
Refrigerate	Refrigerated storage instruction	Follow the specified temperature range; do not freeze unless explicitly permitted.
Manufacturer	Manufacturing company	Identifies the company responsible for manufacture as stated on the label.
Marketed by	Marketing company	Identifies the company marketing or distributing the product, where declared.
Mfg. Lic. No.	Manufacturing licence number	Identifies a relevant manufacturing licence.
Batch release	Quality-release decision	Confirms that a batch has passed the applicable release process.
QR code	Quick Response code	May link to product information, authentication or traceability data.
GTIN	Global Trade Item Number	Identifies a trade item within a barcode system.
Barcode	Machine-readable identifier	Helps identify a product or package in supply-chain systems.

Never use an expired medicine. If the expiry date, batch number or product identity is missing, illegible or suspicious, ask a pharmacist or the relevant manufacturer to verify it.

8. Manufacturing quality and regulatory terms

Abbreviation	Full form	Explanation
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practices	Requirements and principles for consistent pharmaceutical quality.
cGMP	Current Good Manufacturing Practices	Emphasises applicable current manufacturing requirements.
GLP	Good Laboratory Practice	Principles for the quality and integrity of certain nonclinical laboratory studies.
GCP	Good Clinical Practice	Standards for ethical and scientifically sound clinical trials.
QA	Quality Assurance	Systems designed to ensure quality requirements are met.
QC	Quality Control	Testing and checks used to assess materials and products.
COA	Certificate of Analysis	A document reporting specified test results for a batch or material.
SDS	Safety Data Sheet	Information about chemical hazards, handling, storage and emergency measures.
MSDS	Material Safety Data Sheet	Older term for the document now generally called an SDS.
DMF	Drug Master File	A confidential technical submission about manufacturing, facilities, controls or related information, depending on the regulatory system.
CTD	Common Technical Document	Standardised format for organising pharmaceutical regulatory submissions.
ANDA	Abbreviated New Drug Application	A US regulatory application pathway for qualifying generic drugs.
NDA	New Drug Application	A US application seeking approval for a new drug.
MA / MAH	Marketing Authorisation / Holder	Refers to a product’s marketing authorisation and the entity holding it, where applicable.
PV	Pharmacovigilance	Monitoring, assessment and prevention of adverse effects and other medicine-related safety problems.
AE	Adverse Event	An unfavourable medical occurrence after use of a product; causation is not necessarily established.
ADR	Adverse Drug Reaction	A harmful and unintended response for which a causal relationship with a medicine is suspected or established under the relevant definition.
CAPA	Corrective and Preventive Action	Measures addressing identified problems and reducing the likelihood of recurrence.
SOP	Standard Operating Procedure	An approved written procedure for performing a defined activity.

9. Additional pharmaceutical and medical abbreviations

Abbreviation	Meaning	Application
ATC	Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification	Classification system for medicines based on anatomical, therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical characteristics.
DDD	Defined Daily Dose	Technical drug-utilisation measurement used in research and public health.
ICD	International Classification of Diseases	Classification used for diseases and health conditions.
MedDRA	Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities	Standardised terminology used in regulatory safety reporting.
PK	Pharmacokinetics	What the body does to a medicine, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
PD	Pharmacodynamics	What a medicine does to the body.
ADME	Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion	The main processes involved in drug disposition.
t½	Half-life	Time required for a measured amount or concentration to decrease by half under the specified conditions.
Cmax	Maximum observed concentration	Highest measured concentration in a specified pharmacokinetic assessment.
Tmax	Time to maximum concentration	Time at which Cmax is observed.
AUC	Area Under the Curve	A measure of drug exposure over time.
MIC	Minimum Inhibitory Concentration	Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible microbial growth under specified test conditions.
AMR	Antimicrobial Resistance	Ability of microorganisms to withstand medicines that would ordinarily inhibit or kill them.
R&D	Research and Development	Activities involved in researching and developing medicines.
CMO	Contract Manufacturing Organisation	A company providing manufacturing services under contract.
CDMO	Contract Development and Manufacturing Organisation	A company providing development and manufacturing services.
OEM	Original Equipment Manufacturer	A manufacturing term whose exact meaning depends on the commercial arrangement.
PL / Private Label	Private Label	Products marketed under a customer’s or brand owner’s label, subject to applicable manufacturing and regulatory arrangements.

10. Special markings that require careful interpretation

Red symbol or warning box: May highlight a regulatory category or warning. The colour alone does not determine the medicine’s classification.
Black triangle: In certain jurisdictions and contexts, may identify additional monitoring for medicine safety. It is not a universal symbol.
Pregnancy warning: Indicates a medicine-specific risk or precaution; the exact wording matters.
Driving warning: May indicate possible drowsiness, impaired alertness or another driving-related precaution.
Flammable symbol: Warns of fire risk associated with a product or its contents.
Biohazard symbol: Identifies certain biological hazards, not a general property of all medicines.
Sterile: Indicates a product is labelled as sterile; correct packaging integrity and handling remain important.
Single-dose: Intended for one administration or one use as specified by the product instructions.
Multi-dose: Designed for multiple withdrawals or administrations under the specified conditions.
Cold chain: A temperature-controlled supply and storage system used for products requiring defined temperature conditions.
Tamper-evident seal: Helps reveal whether packaging may have been opened or interfered with.
Counterfeit warning or authentication code: May help identify suspicious products, but a code or QR scan alone does not guarantee authenticity.

11. How to read a medicine pack correctly

Identify the medicine. Read the generic name, brand name and active ingredients.
Check the strength. Confirm the amount of active ingredient and whether it is stated per tablet, capsule, millilitre or another unit.
Check the dosage form. Confirm whether the product is a tablet, capsule, injection, suspension, cream or another formulation.
Read the regulatory warning. Look for Rx, XRx, NRx and the actual Schedule H, H1 or X warning text, where applicable.
Verify the manufacturer and batch. Check batch number, manufacturing details and licence information where required.
Check expiry and storage. Confirm the product is within its shelf life and has been stored correctly.
Follow authorised directions. Use the medicine only according to its approved instructions and the advice of an appropriately qualified healthcare professional.

12. Specific regulatory clarification for India

For an accurate explanation of the symbols in your reference image, the distinctions are important:

Marking	Indian regulatory interpretation
Rx	Used for Schedule H medicines and also specified for Schedule H1 medicines under the relevant labelling rules.
NRx	Used for specified Schedule H or H1 medicines that also fall within the scope of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, subject to the applicable rule wording.
XRx	Used for medicines specified under Schedule X.

These distinctions follow the labelling provisions in India’s Drugs Rules, 1945. The precise warning text and applicable provisions should be checked in the current consolidated rules and subsequent amendments.